Dietary patterns of elderly persons from the city of São Paulo: evidence from the SABE (Health, Wellbeing and Aging) survey

Abstract Objective: to determine the dietary patterns of elderly persons in terms of sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical aspects. Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted using the cohorts of the SABE (Health, Wellbeing and Aging) study. An epidemiological, home-based study representative of the city of São Paulo was carried out. The population of this study included 1,304 elderly persons (≥60 years), of both genders, selected by probabilistic stratified sampling, interviewed in 2010. Food intake data were obtained through a qualitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were determined by exploratory factorial analysis by principal components. The Wald test was used for complex sampling. Results: four dietary patterns were identified: inadequate patterns, consisting of fried and canned food, sausages, sweets, tubers, industrialized sauces and eggs; modified pattern, skimmed milk, whole grain breads and cereals, light/diet/zero foods; beneficial pattern, fruits, vegetables and tubers; and traditional Brazilian pattern, vegetable oils, rice, refined cereals and white bread, meats and legumes (beans). The sociodemographic and lifestyle profile of the elderly persons who adopted each dietary pattern was different. Conclusion: healthier dietary patterns were associated with the female gender, older elderly persons, two or more chronic diseases, higher levels of schooling, a better lifestyle and a better self-perception of health. It is important to consider all these aspects as they are determinant in the type of diet adopted by this population.

摘要：研究目的：明确老年人群在社会人口学、生活方式及临床维度的饮食模式特征。研究方法：本研究采用SABE（健康、福祉与老龄化，Health, Wellbeing and Aging）研究的队列数据开展横断面研究。该研究为针对圣保罗市的代表性流行病学居家调查，通过概率分层抽样选取1304名年龄≥60岁的男女老年受试者，并于2010年完成访谈。膳食摄入数据通过定性食物频率问卷获取；饮食模式采用主成分探索性因子分析法确定，针对复杂抽样设计采用Wald检验进行统计推断。研究结果：共识别出四类饮食模式：① 不良饮食模式：以油炸食品、罐头制品、香肠、甜食、块根类食材、工业酱料及蛋类为主要组成；② 改良型饮食模式：涵盖脱脂牛奶、全谷物面包与谷类食品、轻食/减重/零糖食品；③ 有益饮食模式：包含新鲜水果、蔬菜及块根类食材；④ 巴西传统饮食模式：以植物油、大米、精制谷物与白面包、肉类及豆类（菜豆）为核心食物。采用不同饮食模式的老年人群，其社会人口学特征与生活方式均存在显著差异。研究结论：更健康的饮食模式与女性老年群体、高龄老年人、合并2种及以上慢性疾病、受教育程度更高、生活方式更健康以及健康自评状况更佳显著相关。上述因素均为该人群饮食选择的决定性因素，因此在相关研究与实践中需充分考量此类维度。