Table 6. The Final Codebook

This codebook guides the systematic coding of qualitative data in the study “The Future of AI in GCC Post-NPM Landscape: A Comparative Analysis of Kuwait and the UAE.” It is structured around Elinor Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, disaggregating AI governance into three nested rule tiers—constitutional, collective-choice, and operational. Each tier is cross-referenced with three post-New Public Management (post-NPM) goals: citizen-centricity, collaborative governance, and public value creation. Supplementary codes capture key mechanisms including sanction credibility, resource discipline, narrative framing, and New Public Management (NPM) efficiency metrics. The codebook defines each category, provides typical indicators, and clarifies inclusion and exclusion criteria, enabling consistent tagging of policy documents, interviews, and embedded case data. This structure supports both within-case and cross-case comparisons and facilitates explanation-building through causal process tracing.