TABLE 4 in Exochorion in the tribe Nymphalini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): the genus Hypanartia Hübner, [1821] and comparison with related genera

TABLE 4. Descriptions of the exochorion in selected publications.
Taxon and referenceShape and size (h * w; in mm)ColorRosetteWreathApexAxesRibsBaseOvipositionTribe Vanessidicompactfew, very prominent,singly or in masses(Scudder 1889)sharp longitudinal ridges, highest on the summitAntanartia s. schaeneia0.9 * 1.0Pale green, darkening slightly later14–15 longitudinal ribs40–45 cross- bracessingly(Van Son 1979)Antanartia hippomene0.9 * 0.6pale watery green10–11 glass-like longitudinal27–31 transverse ribs thatsingly(Van Son 1979)ribscross- braced the longitudinal ribsAraschnia levanaalmost barrel- shaped; outline topbright green, the upper part is lighter8–10 negative petalsfew rows of irregular negative14 whitish ridges without22 transversal ribs, only the upperflat or troughedcolumns(Döring 1955)view wavynetworkribbing and disappear atones are well developed0.67–0.72 * 0.52the basePyrameis atalanta = Vanessa atalantaelliptical; circular with serrate outline in apical viewJuicy green, discolored to dark green6 very irregular petalsnone10–11 ribsfaint if present at all(Döring 1955)0.7 * 0.5Vanessa (Neopyrameis) cardui0.75 * 0.58uniform pale greencluster of a dozen or two roundish polygonal14–19 ribs, majority of cases are 16; very thinfaint and delicate cross lines which cross the ribssingly(Scudder 1889)subequal cells; smaller at the centerand hardly increase in height until the summit is reachedas well as the general surfaceCynthia = Vanessabarrel-shapednumerous longitudinal ribstransverse ribs that cross-(Van Son 1979)braced the longitudinal ribs; more distinct in the upper part of the egg, but well-marked throughout the length of the ribsPyrameis cardui = Vanessa carduielliptical; circular with serrate outline inapple green7–8 petals, lies somewhat raisednone16 ribsfaint if present at all(Döring, 1955)apical view0.7 * 06Cynthia cardui = Vanessa cardui0.7 * 0.6pale watery green and only darkens slightly until16–18 longitudinal ribs21–25 cross- braces in the longitudinal ribs; faintsingly(Van Son 1979)the dark head forms insidelower down the side of the egg
The present table shows the chorionic data in the works of Scudder (1889), Döring (1955), and Van Son (1979) of taxa currently considered as Nymphalini. In the cases of nomenclature shifting, we use the identity symbol (=) to introduce the valid name. We decided to present separately the descriptions of the same species by different authors, since the description would correspond to specimens distributed in the Nearctic (Scudder 1889), Palearctic (Döring 1955), and Ethiopian (Van Son 1979) regions. This table follows the original terms of the three authors.
The information contained in those works is limited, with short descriptions mainly focusing on aspects such as size, color, and oviposition habits. Also, the lack of use of techniques to increase the visualization of the exochorionic characters (e.g., methylene blue staining, or SEM) prevented a correct identification and discernment of the axes and ridges, with few cases where the latter are mentioned. If we consider ‘laminar axes’ as poorly described ridges, the presence of this character can be verified in almost all genera of Nymphalini.
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