Data from: Phylogenetic diversity and coevolutionary signals among trophic levels change across a habitat edge

1. Incorporating the evolutionary history of species into community ecology enhances understanding of community composition, ecosystem functioning and responses to environmental changes. 2. Phylogenetic history might partly explain the impact of fragmentation and land-use change on assemblages of interacting organisms, and even determine potential cascading effects across trophic levels. However, it remains unclear whether phylogenetic diversity of basal resources is reflected at higher trophic levels in the food web. In particular, phylogenetic determinants of community structure have never been incorporated into habitat edge studies, even though edges are recognised as key factors affecting communities in fragmented landscapes. 3. Here we test whether phylogenetic diversity at different trophic levels (plants, herbivores, parasitoids) and signals of coevolution (i.e. phylogenetic congruence) among interacting trophic levels change across an edge gradient between native and plantation forests. To ascertain whether there is a signal of coevolution across trophic levels, we test whether related consumer species generally feed on related resource species. 4. We found differences across trophic levels in how their phylogenetic diversity responded to the habitat edge gradient. Plant and native parasitoid phylogenetic diversity changed markedly across habitats, while phylogenetic variability of herbivores (which were predominantly native) did not change across habitats, though phylogenetic evenness declined in plantation interiors. Related herbivore species did not appear to feed disproportionately on related plant species (i.e. there was no signal of coevolution) even when considering only native species, potentially due to the high trophic generality of herbivores. However, related native parasitoid species tended to feed on related herbivore species, suggesting the presence of a coevolutionary signal at higher trophic levels. Moreover, this signal was stronger in plantation forests, indicating that this habitat may impose stresses on parasitoids that constrain them to attack only host species for which they are best adapted. 5. Overall, changes in land use across native to plantation forest edges differentially affected phylogenetic diversity across trophic levels, and may also exert a strong selective pressure for particular coevolved herbivore-parasitoid interactions.

1. 将物种的系统发育演化历史纳入群落生态学（community ecology）研究，可加深对群落组成、生态系统功能以及群落对环境变化响应的理解。
2. 系统发育历史或可部分解释生境破碎化与土地利用变化对互作生物群落的影响，甚至可阐明跨营养级的潜在级联效应。然而，目前仍不清楚食物网中基础资源的系统发育多样性（phylogenetic diversity）是否会在更高营养级中得以体现。尤为重要的是，尽管生境边缘已被证实是破碎化景观中影响群落的核心因子，但群落结构的系统发育决定因素从未被纳入生境边缘效应的研究之中。
3. 本研究旨在检验不同营养级（植物、植食者、寄生蜂（parasitoids））的系统发育多样性，以及互作营养级间的协同进化信号（即系统发育一致性（phylogenetic congruence））是否会沿原生林与人工林的边缘梯度发生变化。为明确跨营养级是否存在协同进化信号，我们将检验亲缘关系较近的消费者物种是否普遍取食亲缘关系相近的资源物种。
4. 研究结果显示，不同营养级的系统发育多样性对生境边缘梯度的响应模式存在显著差异。植物与本土寄生蜂的系统发育多样性在各类生境中变化明显，而以本土物种为主的植食者的系统发育变异度并未随生境类型改变而变化，但其系统发育均匀度在人工林内部有所下降。亲缘关系较近的植食者物种并未偏向取食亲缘关系相近的植物物种（即未检测到协同进化信号），即便仅考虑本土物种亦是如此，这可能与植食者较高的营养泛化性有关。然而，亲缘关系较近的本土寄生蜂物种往往会取食亲缘关系相近的植食者物种，这表明较高营养级存在协同进化信号。此外，该信号在人工林中更为强烈，这意味着人工林生境可能对寄生蜂施加了选择压力，使其仅能攻击自身最适配的宿主物种。
5. 总体而言，从原生林到人工林的边缘地带的土地利用变化，会对不同营养级的系统发育多样性产生差异化影响，同时也可能对特定的植食者-寄生蜂协同进化互作施加较强的选择压力。