Deals versus Rules: Policy Implementation Uncertainty and Why Firms Hate It
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Firms in Africa report "regulatory and economic policy uncertainty" as a top constraint to their growth. We argue that often firms in Africa do not cope with policy rules, rather they face deals; firm-specific policy actions that can be influenced by firm actions (e.g. bribes) and characteristics (e
非洲企业将"监管与经济政策不确定性"列为制约自身增长的首要瓶颈。我们认为，非洲地区的企业往往并未遵从政策规则，反而需直面各类"政策交易"；这类针对特定企业的政策举措，可受到企业自身行为（例如贿赂）与特征的（e
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美国国家经济研究局创建时间：
2010-05-01
