Ecological resilience in a primate community affected by gold mining in Suriname

Tropical habitats in South America and Africa are being transformed by artisanal gold mining (ASM) but few studies have addressed how mining impacts animals at the community level.  We assessed long-term ecological resilience to mining disturbance for seven primate species (Allouatta macconnelli, Ateles paniscus, Cebus olivaceus, Chiropotes sagulatus, Pithecia pithecia, Saguinus midas, and Sapajus apella) in Brownsberg Nature Park, Suriname over a 20-year period. Using eleven trails and unpaved roads to calculate “encounter rates” (species encountered/km walked), we compared encounter frequency, encounter location, and group size across four community-wide surveys in 2003, 2013, 2014, and 2023. We hypothesized that primate response to gold mining would 1) affect species encounter rates; 2) shift the location of encounters relative to mining activity, and 3) impact group sizes. Intraspecific variation in encounter rates from 2003 to 2023 did not vary significantl,y but minimum group..., Decadal surveys of seven species of primates at Brownsberg Nature Park, Suriname, South America, allowed us to compare variation in species encounter rates, encounter locations, and minimum group size from 2013-2023. We also compared habitat loss due to artisanal gold mining from 2003 to 2020 using satellite imaging files.
We collected encounter rates by walking trails and recording the observation of primate species, their location and minimum group size in four surveys (2003, 2013, 2014, 2023). These data were analyzed using multivariate techniques:

We used general linear modeling (GLM) to assess factors influencing primate encounter rates (ERs) at BNP. We first conducted a single GLM across the full data set to test the effect of species differences and survey year on ERs. For this test, ER was the dependent variable, with species and survey year as the independent variables. Species were designated as a repeated effect (due to repeat measures each survey year) and ERs were pooled a..., , # Data from: Ecological resilience in a primate community affected by gold mining in Suriname

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2jm63xt0m](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2jm63xt0m)

## Description of the data and file structure

Primate survey data were collected from seven species at Brownsberg Nature Park in Suriname, South America at four different times: 2003, 2013, 2014 and 2023.  Survey data consisted of recording species encounters, converting species encounter to a rate (observations/1 km walked). Location information was added by recording trail marks at the time of encounters. 

### Files and variables

#### File: Plateau_Index.csv

**Description:**  Proportion of species encounters on the plateau of Brownsberg Nature Park. Locations were simplified to a) \"plateau\" - top of the mountain and b) \"slope\" of the mountain to determine whether there was a shift in location over time. \"Plateau\" trails began and ended on the plateau and all \"slope\" trails started on the plateau and conti...,

南美洲与非洲的热带生境正遭受手工采金（artisanal gold mining, ASM）的改造，但目前学界鲜有研究探讨采金活动对群落层面动物的影响。本研究针对苏里南布朗斯贝格自然公园的7种灵长类物种：红吼猴（Allouatta macconnelli）、黑蜘蛛猴（Ateles paniscus）、卷尾猴（Cebus olivaceus）、红背僧面猴（Chiropotes sagulatus）、僧帽猴（Pithecia pithecia）、侏狨（Saguinus midas）以及黑帽悬猴（Sapajus apella），开展了为期20年的调查，评估其对采金扰动的长期生态恢复力。

研究依托11条步道与未铺装道路，计算“遇见率（encounter rate）”（即每行走1公里所遇见的物种数），对比了2003、2013、2014及2023年4次全群落调查中的遇见频率、遇见位置与社群大小。我们提出三项研究假设：1）灵长类对采金活动的响应会影响物种遇见率；2）遇见位置会相对于采金活动发生空间偏移；3）采金扰动会对社群大小产生影响。2003至2023年间，各物种种内的遇见率并无显著差异，但最小社群大小……

针对南美洲苏里南布朗斯贝格自然公园的7种灵长类开展的十年期调查，使我们得以对比2013-2023年间物种遇见率、遇见位置与最小社群大小的变化情况。此外，本研究还借助卫星影像文件，对比了2003至2020年间由手工采金导致的生境丧失情况。

本研究通过沿步道行走并记录灵长类物种的观测信息、遇见位置与最小社群大小的方式，收集了4次调查（2003、2013、2014、2023）中的遇见率数据。上述数据采用多元统计技术进行分析：

我们使用一般线性模型（general linear modeling, GLM）评估了布朗斯贝格自然公园内影响灵长类遇见率的因素。首先针对完整数据集开展了一次全模型一般线性分析，以检验物种差异与调查年份对遇见率的影响。本次分析中，以遇见率作为因变量，以物种与调查年份作为自变量。由于每次调查年度均存在重复测量，因此将物种设定为重复效应变量，并对遇见率进行合并……

# 数据来源：苏里南受采金影响的灵长类群落生态恢复力
[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2jm63xt0m](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2jm63xt0m)

## 数据与文件结构说明
本研究的灵长类调查数据采集自南美洲苏里南布朗斯贝格自然公园的7个物种，共开展了4次调查，时间分别为2003、2013、2014与2023年。调查数据包括记录物种遇见事件，并将物种遇见次数转换为遇见率（观测数/每行走1公里）。遇见位置信息通过记录遇见时的步道点位进行记录。

### 文件与变量
#### 文件：Plateau_Index.csv
**说明：** 布朗斯贝格自然公园内物种遇见事件发生在高原区域的比例。将点位简化为两类：a)“高原”——山顶区域，b)“山坡”——山地斜坡区域，以此判断随时间推移遇见位置是否发生偏移。“高原”步道的起点与终点均位于高原区域，所有“山坡”步道均以高原区域为起点并延伸至……