2016 SoE Marine Chapter - Effectiveness of Management - Shipping

The Marine chapter of the 2016 State of the Environment (SoE) report incorporates multiple expert templates developed from streams of marine data. This metadata record describes the Expert Assessment "Effectiveness of marine management of shipping". The full Expert Assessment, including figures and tables (where provided), is attached to this record. Where available, the Data Stream(s) used to generate this Expert Assessment are accessible through the "On-line Resources" section of this record.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESSURE BEING MANAGED, AND ITS IMPACT
A total of 26936 ships arrived at Australian ports during 2014, 9.8% of those arrived at Port Hedland, 9.3% at Brisbane, 8.1% at Newcastle, 7.3% at Melbourne and 6.8% at Dampier.

--Operational discharges--
Environmental regulation of shipping is regularly reviewed and amended to strengthen environment protection and reduce the environmental impact of shipping globally through the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). Some recent amendments to international law of significance include:
• MARPOL Annex V amendments which tighten the controls on discharge of garbage at sea.
• Amendments to Annex VI of MARPOL which introduces technical and operational controls on greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping.

--Marine invasive species--
Due to a range of concerns about technical feasibility and efficacy of the available technology, the 2004 International Convention on the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments is yet to enter into force. The required entry into force criteria (ratification by 30 States, representing 35% of world tonnage) is likely to be met in 2016 which means that the convention will enter into force in 2017.
The International Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships' Biofouling to Minimize the Transfer of Invasive Aquatic Species, were adopted in 2011. While voluntary, the Guidelines provide a basis upon which to further promote a best practice approach to biofouling management for the prevention of marine pest incursions.
A review of Commonwealth marine pest policy in Australian has recently been concluded which, along with the implementation of the new Biosecurity Act 2015, should lead to some advances in and a more nationally consistent approach to domestic marine pest policy and legislation relating to shipping.

--Domestic shipping management--
A number of significant changes have taken place since 2011 in relation to the management of shipping around the Australian coast with a view to increasing environmental protection.
• Designation of the Coral Sea Particularly Sensitive Sea Area
• Extension of the Great Barrier Reef compulsory pilotage area
• Review of the National Plan for Maritime Environmental Emergencies
• Development of the North East Shipping Management Plan

DATA STREAM(S) USED IN EXPERT ASSESSMENT
Data contained in sectoral reports, information on national and international guidelines, protocols and the MARPOL convention. Details of the specific data sets used to generate this assessment have not been provided.

2016 SOE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY [see attached Expert Assessment for full details]
• Understanding of pressure: Good understanding of potential impacts.
• Planning associated with management of pressure: Good level of national and international coordination to manage impacts.
• Input for informing management of pressure: Strong management systems remain in place.
• Processes associated with developing, monitoring, and updating management: Shipping management systems continue to provide effective protection in most areas, with some gaps relating to marine pest management.
• Outputs from management framework in place: Ongoing management is needed to ensure that best practice procedures remain in place.
• Outcomes of management framework in place: Shipping management needs to be adaptable to changing shipping patterns.

CHANGES SINCE 2011 SOE ASSESSMENT
New guidelines have been developed, a new biosecurity act put in place, changes to sensitive sea areas and compulsory pilotage areas and a review of the National Plan for Maritime Environmental Emergencies has occurred.

2016年《环境状况报告》（State of the Environment，缩写SoE）的海洋章节整合了多套基于海洋数据流构建的专家模板。本元数据记录旨在说明“船舶航运海洋管理成效”专家评估报告。本记录附件包含完整的专家评估报告，其中含图表（如已提供）。若有可用数据，生成该专家评估所使用的数据流可通过本记录的“在线资源”板块获取。

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受管理压力源及其影响说明
2014年共有26936艘船舶抵达澳大利亚各港口，其中9.8%抵达黑德兰港（Port Hedland）、9.3%抵达布里斯班港、8.1%抵达纽卡斯尔港、7.3%抵达墨尔本港，6.8%抵达丹皮尔港。

——作业性排放
国际海事组织（International Maritime Organisation，缩写IMO）会定期审查并修订船舶航运环境监管规则，以强化全球环境保护、降低航运活动对环境的负面影响。近期具有重要意义的国际法规修订包括：
• 《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》（MARPOL）附则V修订案，该法案强化了海上垃圾排放管控要求。
• 《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》附则VI修订案，该法案针对国际航运的温室气体排放引入了技术与作业管控措施。

——海洋入侵物种
由于现有技术在技术可行性与实施效果方面存在诸多争议，2004年《船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理国际公约》尚未生效。该公约生效所需的门槛条件（30个国家批准，且其总吨位占全球总吨位的35%）预计将在2016年达成，这意味着公约将于2017年正式生效。
2011年通过的《船舶防污控制与管理国际指南（以最大限度减少入侵水生物种转移）》虽不具备强制约束力，但为推广防污管理最佳实践以防范海洋有害生物入侵提供了依据。
澳大利亚联邦近期已完成海洋有害生物政策审查工作，结合2015年新《生物安全法》的实施，有望推动国内航运相关海洋有害生物政策与立法的优化，并实现更统一的全国性管理模式。

——国内航运管理
自2011年以来，澳大利亚沿海水域航运管理领域已出台多项重大改革举措，旨在强化环境保护。
• 珊瑚海特别敏感海域的划定
• 大堡礁强制引航区域的扩展
• 《国家海事环境应急计划》的修订
• 《东北航运管理计划》的制定

专家评估所使用的数据流
数据来源于行业报告、国内外指南、规程及《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》相关信息。本次评估所使用的具体数据集细节尚未提供。

2016年《环境状况报告》评估摘要（完整详情请参阅附件中的专家评估报告）
• 压力认知：对潜在影响具备充分认知。
• 压力管理规划：已建立良好的国内外协调机制以管控相关影响。
• 压力管理决策依据：现有管理体系运行稳健。
• 管理体系的制定、监测与更新流程：多数区域的航运管理体系仍可提供有效防护，但在海洋有害生物管理领域仍存在短板。
• 现有管理框架的产出：需持续开展管理工作以保障最佳实践流程的落地。
• 现有管理框架的实施成效：航运管理体系需具备适配航运格局变化的灵活性。

2011年《环境状况报告》评估以来的变革
已出台新的指南、实施新的生物安全法、调整敏感海域与强制引航区域，并完成了《国家海事环境应急计划》的修订工作。