Blockade of Endothelin Receptors Mitigates SARS-CoV-2-induced Osteochondral Damage

We performed an RNA sequencing on human mesenchymal stem cells-differentiated chondrocytes to explore possible signalling pathways involved in viral spike-induced chondrocyte senescence. Cells were treated with full-length spike protein only (SP) or a combined treatment of spike protein, neutralizing antibody to S1 and endothelin-1 (SAE) to mimic the viral insult and host response respectively.