Genome Sequencing of Historical Arabidopsis thaliana Herbarium Specimens (1838–2015)

Herbarium specimens of Arabidopsis thaliana collected between 1838 and 2015 were obtained from seven European institutions: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart (Stuttgart, Germany), the Herbarium Tubingense (Tübingen, Germany), Lund University Botanical Museum (Lund, Sweden), the herbarium at the Biological Museum Oskarshamn (Oskarshamn, Sweden), the herbarium at Real Jardín Botánico (Madrid, Spain), the Herbario de Málaga (Málaga, Spain) and The Natural History Museum's herbarium (London, United Kingdom). Small tissue samples (~0.7 cm²) were collected for DNA extraction following established ancient DNA protocols (Latorre et al. 2020), with minimal impact on specimen integrity. Extracted DNA was processed into single-stranded Illumina libraries at the UCSC Ancient and Degraded DNA Processing Center following Kapp et al. (2021) with modifications from Nguyen et al. (2023).