Supplementary information files for "The association of smoking with different eating and dietary behaviours: a cross-sectional analysis of 80,296 UK adults"

Supplementary files for article "The association of smoking with different eating and dietary behaviours: a cross-sectional analysis of 80,296 UK adults"<b>Background</b> and Aims Smokers typically have a lower body mass index (BMI) than non-smokers, while smoking cessation is associated with weight gain. In pre-clinical research, nicotine in tobacco smoking suppresses appetite and influences subsequent eating behaviour; however, this relationship is unclear in humans. This study measured associations of smoking with different eating and dietary behaviours.<b>Design</b> A cross-sectional analysis of data from health assessments conducted between 2004-2022. Setting An independent healthcare-based charity within the UK. Participants 80,296 men and women (mean±standard deviation [SD]: age, 43.0±10.4 years; BMI, 25.7±4.2 kg/m2; 62.5% male) stratified into two groups based on their status as a smoker (n=6,042; 7.5%) or non-smoker (n= 74,254; 92.5%).<b>Measurements</b> Smoking status (self-report) was the main exposure, while the primary outcomes were selected eating and dietary behaviours. Age, sex and socioeconomic status (index of multiple deprivation [IMD]) were included as covariates and interaction terms, while moderate-to-vigorous exercise and sleep quality were included as covariates only.<b>Findings</b><b> </b>Smokers had lower odds of snacking between meals and eating food as a reward or out of boredom versus non-smokers (all odds ratio [OR]≤0.82; P&lt;0.001). Furthermore, smokers had higher odds of skipping meals, going more than 3 hours without food, adding salt and sugar to their food, overeating, and finding it hard to leave something on their plate versus non-smokers (all OR≥1.06; P≤0.030). Additionally, compared with non-smokers, smoking was associated with eating fried food more times per week (rate ratio [RR]=1.08; P&lt;0.001) and eating fewer meals per day, eating sweet foods between meals, and eating dessert on fewer days per week (all RR≤0.93; P&lt;0.001). Several of these relationships were modified by age, sex, and IMD.Conclusions Smoking appears to be associated with eating and dietary behaviours consistent with inhibited food intake, low diet quality, and altered food preference. Several of these relationships are moderated by age, sex, and socioeconomic status.<br><br>© The Author(s), CC BY4.0

《吸烟与不同进食与饮食行为的关联：对80296名英国成年人的横断面分析》论文补充材料
**研究背景与目的** 吸烟者的体重指数（body mass index, BMI）通常低于非吸烟者，而戒烟与体重增加相关。在临床前研究中，烟草烟雾中的尼古丁可抑制食欲并影响后续进食行为，但该关联在人类中尚不明确。本研究探讨吸烟与不同进食及饮食行为的关联。
**研究设计** 对2004-2022年间开展的健康评估数据进行横断面分析。研究场景：英国一家独立的医疗慈善机构。研究对象：80296名男性与女性（平均±标准差（standard deviation, SD）：年龄43.0±10.4岁；BMI 25.7±4.2 kg/m²；62.5%为男性），按照吸烟状态分层分为两组：吸烟者组（n=6042，占比7.5%）与非吸烟者组（n=74254，占比92.5%）。
**测量指标** 以吸烟状态（自我报告）为主要暴露因素，主要结局指标为选定的进食与饮食行为。纳入年龄、性别、社会经济地位（多重贫困指数（Index of Multiple Deprivation, IMD））作为协变量与交互项，同时仅将中高强度运动与睡眠质量作为协变量。
**研究结果** 与非吸烟者相比，吸烟者在两餐间进食零食、因犒劳或无聊进食的风险更低（所有比值比（odds ratio, OR）≤0.82；P<0.001）。此外，吸烟者更易出现漏餐、连续3小时以上未进食、为食物添加盐与糖、过量进食以及难以将盘中食物吃完的情况（所有OR≥1.06；P≤0.030）。进一步分析显示，与非吸烟者相比，吸烟者每周食用油炸食品的频次更高（率比（rate ratio, RR）=1.08；P<0.001），而每日进餐次数更少、两餐间进食甜食以及每周食用甜点的天数更少（所有RR≤0.93；P<0.001）。上述部分关联受到年龄、性别与IMD的调节。
**研究结论** 吸烟似乎与进食及饮食行为相关，表现为食物摄入受抑制、饮食质量较低以及食物偏好改变。上述部分关联受到年龄、性别与社会经济地位的调节。

© 作者，CC BY4.0