General Household Survey, Panel 2023-2024 - Nigeria

Abstract
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The General Household Survey-Panel (GHS-Panel) is implemented in collaboration with the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) team as part of the Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (ISA) program. The objectives of the GHS-Panel include the development of an innovative model for collecting agricultural data, interinstitutional collaboration, and comprehensive analysis of welfare indicators and socio-economic characteristics. The GHS-Panel is a nationally representative survey of approximately 5,000 households, which are also representative of the six geopolitical zones. The 2023/24 GHS-Panel is the fifth round of the survey with prior rounds conducted in 2010/11, 2012/13, 2015/16 and 2018/19. The GHS-Panel households were visited twice: during post-planting period (July - September 2023) and during post-harvest period (January - March 2024).

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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• Households
• Individuals
• Agricultural plots
• Communities

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The original GHS‑Panel sample was fully integrated with the 2010 GHS sample. The GHS sample consisted of 60 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) or Enumeration Areas (EAs), chosen from each of the 37 states in Nigeria. This resulted in a total of 2,220 EAs nationally. Each EA contributed 10 households to the GHS sample, resulting in a sample size of 22,200 households. Out of these 22,200 households, 5,000 households from 500 EAs were selected for the panel component, and 4,916 households completed their interviews in the first wave.

After nearly a decade of visiting the same households, a partial refresh of the GHS‑Panel sample was implemented in Wave 4 and maintained for Wave 5. The refresh was conducted to maintain the integrity and representativeness of the sample. The refresh EAs were selected from the same sampling frame as the original GHS‑Panel sample in 2010. A listing of households was conducted in the 360 EAs, and 10 households were randomly selected in each EA, resulting in a total refresh sample of approximately 3,600 households.

In addition to these 3,600 refresh households, a subsample of the original 5,000 GHS‑Panel households from 2010 were selected to be included in the new sample. This “long panel” sample of 1,590 households was designed to be nationally representative to enable continued longitudinal analysis for the sample going back to 2010. The long panel sample consisted of 159 EAs systematically selected across Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones.

The combined sample of refresh and long panel EAs in Wave 5 that were eligible for inclusion consisted of 518 EAs based on the EAs selected in Wave 4. The combined sample generally maintains both the national and zonal representativeness of the original GHS‑Panel sample.

Sampling deviation
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Although 518 EAs were identified for the post-planting visit, conflict events prevented interviewers from visiting eight EAs in the North West zone of the country. The EAs were located in the states of Zamfara, Katsina, Kebbi and Sokoto. Therefore, the final number of EAs visited both post-planting and post-harvest comprised 157 long panel EAs and 354 refresh EAs. The combined sample is also roughly equally distributed across the six geopolitical zones.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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The GHS-Panel Wave 5 consisted of three questionnaires for each of the two visits. The Household Questionnaire was administered to all households in the sample. The Agriculture Questionnaire was administered to all households engaged in agricultural activities such as crop farming, livestock rearing, and other agricultural and related activities. The Community Questionnaire was administered to the community to collect information on the socio-economic indicators of the enumeration areas where the sample households reside.

GHS-Panel Household Questionnaire: The Household Questionnaire provided information on demographics; education; health; labour; childcare; early child development; food and non-food expenditure; household nonfarm enterprises; food security and shocks; safety nets; housing conditions; assets; information and communication technology; economic shocks; and other sources of household income. Household location was geo-referenced in order to be able to later link the GHS-Panel data to other available geographic data sets (forthcoming).

GHS-Panel Agriculture Questionnaire: The Agriculture Questionnaire solicited information on land ownership and use; farm labour; inputs use; GPS land area measurement and coordinates of household plots; agricultural capital; irrigation; crop harvest and utilization; animal holdings and costs; household fishing activities; and digital farming information. Some information is collected at the crop level to allow for detailed analysis for individual crops.

GHS-Panel Community Questionnaire: The Community Questionnaire solicited information on access to infrastructure and transportation; community organizations; resource management; changes in the community; key events; community needs, actions, and achievements; social norms; and local retail price information.

The Household Questionnaire was slightly different for the two visits. Some information was collected only in the post-planting visit, some only in the post-harvest visit, and some in both visits.

The Agriculture Questionnaire collected different information during each visit, but for the same plots and crops.

The Community Questionnaire collected prices during both visits, and different community level information during the two visits.

Cleaning operations
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CAPI: Wave five exercise was conducted using Computer Assisted Person Interview (CAPI) techniques. All the questionnaires (household, agriculture, and community questionnaires) were implemented in both the post-planting and post-harvest visits of Wave 5 using the CAPI software, Survey Solutions. The Survey Solutions software was developed and maintained by the Living Standards Measurement Unit within the Development Economics Data Group (DECDG) at the World Bank. Each enumerator was given a tablet which they used to conduct the interviews. Overall, implementation of survey using Survey Solutions CAPI was highly successful, as it allowed for timely availability of the data from completed interviews.

DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM: The data communication system used in Wave 5 was highly automated. Each field team was given a mobile modem which allowed for internet connectivity and daily synchronization of their tablets. This ensured that head office in Abuja had access to the data in real-time. Once the interview was completed and uploaded to the server, the data was first reviewed by the Data Editors. The data was also downloaded from the server, and Stata dofile was run on the downloaded data to check for additional errors that were not captured by the Survey Solutions application. An excel error file was generated following the running of the Stata dofile on the raw dataset. Information contained in the excel error files were then communicated back to respective field interviewers for their action. This monitoring activity was done on a daily basis throughout the duration of the survey, both in the post-planting and post-harvest.

DATA CLEANING: The data cleaning process was done in three main stages. The first stage was to ensure proper quality control during the fieldwork. This was achieved in part by incorporating validation and consistency checks into the Survey Solutions application used for the data collection and designed to highlight many of the errors that occurred during the fieldwork.

The second stage cleaning involved the use of Data Editors and Data Assistants (Headquarters in Survey Solutions). As indicated above, once the interview is completed and uploaded to the server, the Data Editors review completed interview for inconsistencies and extreme values. Depending on the outcome, they can either approve or reject the case. If rejected, the case goes back to the respective interviewer’s tablet upon synchronization. Special care was taken to see that the households included in the data matched with the selected sample and where there were differences, these were properly assessed and documented. The agriculture data were also checked to ensure that the plots identified in the main sections merged with the plot information identified in the other sections. Additional errors observed were compiled into error reports that were regularly sent to the teams. These errors were then corrected based on re-visits to the household on the instruction of the supervisor. The data that had gone through this first stage of cleaning was then approved by the Data Editor. After the Data Editor’s approval of the interview on Survey Solutions server, the Headquarters also reviews and depending on the outcome, can either reject or approve.

The third stage of cleaning involved a comprehensive review of the final raw data following the first and second stage cleaning. Every variable was examined individually for (1) consistency with other sections and variables, (2) out of range responses, and (3) outliers. However, special care was taken to avoid making strong assumptions when resolving potential errors. Some minor errors remain in the data where the diagnosis and/or solution were unclear to the data cleaning team.

Response rate
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Since Wave 1, every effort has been made to track and interview households that had moved away from their original EA and keep attrition to a minimum. These efforts continued in Wave 5, particularly for the long panel sample. Households that had moved away from their previous location were interviewed in a separate tracking phase following both the post-planting and post-harvest visits. Of the 1,590 households interviewed in Wave 1 within these 159 EAs, 1,376 households were successfully interviewed in both visits of Wave 5. This implies an overall attrition rate since 2010 across these EAs of 13.5 percent. However, attrition is highly variable across zones and sectors. The highest attrition was found in rural EAs in South West (28.8 percent) and the lowest attrition in rural EAs in North Central (5.3 percent). Attrition was also higher among urban (17.8 percent) than rural (11.4 percent) households. Overall, 168 long panel households had moved and were interviewed in their new location (over 10 percent of the sample). The highest number of households that had moved was in the urban area in South West (47 households, accounting for 25.7 percent of the sample).

摘要
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该综合家庭调查-面板（GHS-Panel）是在与世界银行生活标准测量研究（LSMS）团队的合作下，作为综合农业调查（ISA）项目的一部分而实施的。GHS-Panel的目标包括开发一种创新的农业数据收集模型、机构间合作以及福利指标和社会经济特征的全面分析。GHS-Panel是对约5,000个家庭的全国代表性调查，这些家庭也代表了六个地理政治区。2023/24年度的GHS-Panel是第五轮调查，之前已进行的轮次分别为2010/11、2012/13、2015/16和2018/19年度。GHS-Panel家庭接受了两次访问：在种植后期间（2023年7月至9月）和收获后期间（2024年1月至3月）。

地理覆盖范围
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全国

分析单元
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• 家庭
• 个人
• 农业地块
• 社区

总体
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调查涵盖了所有法定家庭，不包括监狱、医院、军事营房和学校宿舍。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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原始GHS-Panel样本与2010年GHS样本完全整合。GHS样本由来自尼日利亚37个州的60个一级抽样单位（PSU）或调查区域（EA）组成。这在全国范围内共有2,220个EA。每个EA为GHS样本贡献10个家庭，从而使样本量达到22,200个家庭。在这22,200个家庭中，从500个EA中选出了5,000个家庭作为面板组件，其中有4,916个家庭在第一波完成了他们的访谈。

在访问了同一家庭近十年之后，GHS-Panel样本在第四波中进行了部分更新，并在第五波中保持不变。此更新是为了维持样本的完整性和代表性。更新的EA来自与2010年原始GHS-Panel样本相同的抽样框架。在360个EA中进行了家庭清单，每个EA随机选取了10个家庭，从而产生了约3,600个家庭的更新样本。

除了这些3,600个更新家庭外，还从2010年的原始5,000个GHS-Panel家庭中选择了子样本，以便将其纳入新的样本。这个由1,590个家庭组成的“长期面板”样本旨在在全国范围内具有代表性，以便对从2010年开始的样本进行持续的纵向分析。长期面板样本由在全国六个地理政治区系统选择的159个EA组成。

第五波中，符合条件的更新和长期面板EA的组合样本基于第四波中选择的EA，共有518个EA。该组合样本通常保持了原始GHS-Panel样本的国家和地区代表性。

抽样偏差
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尽管确定了518个EA进行种植后访问，但冲突事件阻止了调查员访问国家西北部的八个EA。这些EA位于赞法拉、卡齐纳、凯比和索科托州。因此，最终种植后和收获后访问的EA数量为157个长期面板EA和354个更新EA。组合样本在大约六个地理政治区中大致均匀分布。

数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]

研究工具
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GHS-Panel第五波包括两个访问中的每个访问的三个问卷。家庭问卷被分发给样本中的所有家庭。农业问卷被分发给所有从事农业活动，如作物种植、牲畜饲养和其他农业及相关活动的家庭。社区问卷被分发给社区，以收集样本家庭居住的调查区域的社经指标。

GHS-Panel家庭问卷：家庭问卷提供了关于人口统计、教育、健康、劳动力、儿童保育、早期儿童发展、食品和非食品支出、家庭非农企业、粮食安全和冲击、安全网、住房条件、资产、信息和通信技术、经济冲击以及家庭其他收入来源的信息。家庭位置进行了地理编码，以便将来能够将GHS-Panel数据与可用的其他地理数据集（待发布）进行链接。

GHS-Panel农业问卷：农业问卷收集了关于土地所有权和使用、农场劳动力、投入品使用、GPS土地面积测量和家庭地块坐标、农业资本、灌溉、作物收获和利用、动物持有和成本、家庭捕鱼活动以及数字农业信息。

GHS-Panel社区问卷：社区问卷收集了关于基础设施和交通的获取、社区组织、资源管理、社区变化、关键事件、社区需求、行动和成就、社会规范以及当地零售价格信息。

家庭问卷在两次访问中略有不同。一些信息仅在种植后访问中收集，一些仅在收获后访问中收集，一些在两次访问中都收集。

农业问卷在每次访问中收集不同的信息，但对于相同的地块和作物。

社区问卷在两次访问中都收集价格，并收集两次访问中不同的社区级信息。

数据清理操作
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CAPI：第五波调查是使用计算机辅助个人访谈（CAPI）技术进行的。所有问卷（家庭、农业和社区问卷）在第五波的种植后和收获后访问中均使用CAPI软件Survey Solutions实施。Survey Solutions软件是由世界银行发展经济学数据组（DECDG）内的生活水平测量单位开发和维护的。每个调查员都得到了一个平板电脑，他们使用它来进行访谈。总的来说，使用Survey Solutions CAPI进行调查的实施非常成功，因为它允许及时获取已完成访谈的数据。

数据通信系统：第五波中使用的数据通信系统高度自动化。每个现场团队都得到了一个移动调制解调器，它允许互联网连接和每日同步他们的平板电脑。这确保了阿布贾总部能够实时访问数据。一旦访谈完成并上传到服务器，数据首先由数据编辑进行审查。数据还从服务器下载，并在原始数据集上运行Stata dofile以检查Survey Solutions应用程序未捕获的额外错误。在运行Stata dofile后生成了一个Excel错误文件。Excel错误文件中的信息随后被传达给相应的现场访谈员进行行动。这项监控活动在整个调查期间（种植后和收获后）每天都进行。

数据清理：数据清理过程分为三个主要阶段。第一阶段是在现场工作中确保适当的质量控制。这通过将验证和一致性检查纳入用于数据收集的Survey Solutions应用程序并设计为突出许多在实地工作中发生的错误来实现。

第二阶段清理涉及使用数据编辑和数据助理（总部在Survey Solutions）。如上所述，一旦访谈完成并上传到服务器，数据编辑会审查完成的访谈，以查找不一致性和极端值。根据结果，他们可以批准或拒绝案例。如果拒绝，则案例在同步时返回到相应访谈员的平板电脑。特别关注确保包含在数据中的家庭与选定的样本相匹配，并在存在差异的情况下，这些差异得到适当的评估和记录。农业数据也进行了检查，以确保在主要部分中识别的地块与在其他部分中识别的地块信息相匹配。观察到的其他错误被汇编成错误报告，并定期发送给团队。根据主管的指示，基于重新访问家庭对这些错误进行了纠正。经过第一阶段清理的数据随后由数据编辑批准。在数据编辑在Survey Solutions服务器上批准访谈后，总部也会进行审查，并根据结果，可以拒绝或批准。

第三阶段清理涉及在第一和第二阶段清理之后对最终原始数据进行全面审查。每个变量都单独检查，以（1）与其他部分和变量的一致性，（2）超出范围的反应，以及（3）异常值。然而，在解决潜在错误时，特别小心不要做出强烈的假设。一些小的错误仍然存在于数据中，其中数据清理团队对诊断和/或解决方案不清楚。

响应率
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自第一波以来，一直努力跟踪和访谈已从原始EA搬离的家庭，以将流失率保持在最低。这些努力在第五波中继续进行，尤其是在长期面板样本中。已从之前的位置搬离的家庭在种植后和收获后访问之后进行了单独的跟踪阶段。在第一波中在159个EA内被访谈的1,590个家庭中，1,376个家庭在第五波的两次访问中均成功接受了访谈。这意味着自2010年以来，这些EA的整体流失率为13.5％。然而，流失率在地区和部门之间差异很大。最高的流失率在西南部的农村EA（28.8％）中发现，而最低的流失率在北部的农村EA（5.3％）中发现。城市（17.8％）的流失率也高于农村（11.4％）。总的来说，有168个长期面板家庭搬离并在新位置接受了访谈（样本的10％以上）。搬离的家庭数量最多的地区是西南部的城市地区（47个家庭，占样本的25.7％）。