Linking the Commons and Climate Change to Collective Actions.

This essay is part of the MOE AcRF Tier 2 Climate Crisis and Cultural Loss project. This article discusses the commons and collective actions and three levels in collection actions: macro, micro, and supra socio-ecological aspects in governing the commons. In doing so, it asks how societies continue to build climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. The analysis reveals three important points to answer the critical question facing social institutions when dealing with climate related issues. First, the centrality of the community in resource conservation. Second, the importance of well-defined property arrangements to enhance collaborations between states and communities. Third, the notion in community heterogeneity and the variations in perspectives are critical in collective actions. It concedes to the fact that collective actions come to the fore through the organization of social institutional networks that span from multiple layers in society. This point acknowledges the importance of community and cooperation in resource management, including in the inclusiveness of local communities, states, private sectors, and citizens. The article concludes with two recommendations to policy makers: (A) Reviving social capital in the climate change discourse and (B) Good governance, as the world governments face climate challenges and the urgent need for the organisation of social institutions to deal with the inherent complexities in the commons, climate change and collective actions.

本文隶属于新加坡教育部学术研究基金（MOE AcRF）二级“气候危机与文化流失”项目。本文探讨了公共资源（commons）与集体行动（collective actions），以及治理公共资源过程中集体行动的三个维度：宏观、微观与超社会生态层面。据此，本文探究社会应如何持续构建气候适应与减缓策略。本分析揭示了三大核心要点，以回应社会制度在应对气候相关议题时面临的关键问题：其一，社区在资源保护中的核心地位；其二，明晰的产权配置对于强化国家与社区间协作的重要性；其三，社区异质性与视角差异对集体行动而言至关重要。本文认可如下事实：集体行动需依托覆盖社会多层级的社会制度网络进行组织，方能凸显其效用。这一论点阐明了社区与协作在资源管理中的重要性，其中涵盖对本地社区、国家、私营部门及公民的包容性吸纳。本文最后向政策制定者提出两项建议：（A）在气候变化议题中重塑社会资本；（B）推行良善治理。鉴于全球各国政府均面临气候挑战，且亟需构建社会制度体系以应对公共资源、气候变化与集体行动领域的内在复杂性。