Do Code of Points in men artistic gymnastics and women artistic gymnastics favor asymmetric elements?

Abstract The purpose of research was to determine whether Code of Point (COP) in Men Artistic Gymnastics (MAG) and Women Artistic Gymnastics (WAG) favor asymmetric elements in order to build gymnast’s competition exercise. All elements which are described in MAG (N = 993) and WAG (N = 713) COP were included and defined if they are symmetric at start position, during movement and at final position. Element is symmetric by arms and trunk with legs activity when all left and right body side performs simultaneously same activity. Results show in MAG COP as a whole is significantly more asymmetric elements with asymmetric trunk and legs activity. In WAG COP as a whole is significantly more asymmetric elements with asymmetric activity of arms, trunk and legs. Hypothetical most difficulty exercises on each apparatus revealed that in general for all around gymnast proportion between asymmetric and symmetric elements is close to 70% to 30%, what suggests that difficulty relates to increased asymmetry. COP in MAG and WAG enforces asymmetric movements for achieving high results, however, coaches’ task is to be aware of COP influence on gymnasts’ health and minimize asymmetries in load and to work on symmetric conditioning.

摘要 本研究旨在探究男子竞技体操（Men Artistic Gymnastics, MAG）与女子竞技体操（Women Artistic Gymnastics, WAG）的评分规则（Code of Point, COP）是否更青睐非对称动作，以服务于体操运动员竞技成套动作的编排。本研究纳入了MAG评分规则（共993个动作）与WAG评分规则（共713个动作）中收录的全部动作，并根据动作在起始姿态、完成过程及结束姿态下的对称性进行界定：对称动作的判定标准为，当身体左右两侧同步完成完全一致的动作时，该动作的手臂、躯干与腿部活动均保持对称。研究结果表明，整体而言，MAG评分规则中收录的非对称动作占比显著更高，且此类动作多以躯干与腿部活动非对称为特征；而WAG评分规则中的非对称动作则整体占比更高，且此类动作的手臂、躯干与腿部活动均存在不对称性。对各器械项目中假想的最高难度成套动作进行分析后发现，总体而言，全能体操运动员的非对称动作与对称动作占比接近7:3，这表明动作难度的提升与非对称程度的增加密切相关。MAG与WAG的评分规则均要求运动员通过非对称动作来获取高分，但教练员需意识到评分规则对体操运动员健康的影响，应尽可能降低训练负荷中的不对称性，并针对性开展对称机能训练。