CRPC biomarker via proteomic analysis

Identifying biological change from hormone-naive prostate cancer to CRPC is a major clinical challenge for developing therapeutic agents. Although the pathways that lead to CRPC are not fully understood, recent evidence demonstrates that androgen signaling is often maintained through varied mechanisms. Here, we investigated PCa tissues at each stage of progression from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to CRPC based on quantitative proteomic technology, including tissues after ADT therapy. MS-based quantitative proteomics approach based on 6-plex TMT (126-131) was performed in patient tissues from T2G2 to CRPC, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patient tissues were used as a control. We analyzed the peptide samples using two types of high resolution and accuracy mass spectrometers as LTQ orbitrap velos and Q-exactive mass spectrometer. In total, 4,768 proteins were identified in this study, among which 4,069 proteins were quantified in the combined prostate cancer tissues. Among the quantified proteins, DEPs were 865 (21.2%), those with a quantitative ratio greater than 2 were considered as upregulated, whereas those with a quantitative ratio of less than 0.5 as downregulated. Based on quantitative protein results, we performed systematic bioinformatics analysis including GO, Interpro, KEGG pathway, functional enrichment-based cluster analysis on DEPs. Finally, we found that 15 proteins including FOXA1 and HMGN1-3 between T3G3, T3GX, and CRPC were increased despite ADT treatment. Among all target, we verified increased level of FOXA1 and HMGN1-3 in CRPC by immunoblotting and indirect ELISA. In summary, we provides intracellular mechanical changes on PCa tissues according to treatment before and after ADT by mean of regulating ADT treatment. In addition, this results were identified through bioinformatics analysis, and those were suggested as potential CRPC-related factors.