What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger? Effects of paternal age at conception on fathers and sons

Advancing male age is often hypothesised to reduce both, male fertility and offspring quality due to reproductive senescence. However, the effects of advancing male age on reproductive output and offspring quality are not always deleterious. For example, older fathers might buffer effects of reproductive senescence by terminally investing in reproduction. Similarly, males that survive to reproduce at an old age, might carry alleles that confer high viability (viability selection) which are then inherited by offspring, or might have high reproductive potential (selective disappearance). Differentiating these mechanisms requires an integrated experimental study of paternal survival and reproductive performance, as well as offspring quality, which is currently lacking. Using a cross-sectional study in Drosophila melanogaster, we test the effects of paternal age at conception (PAC) on paternal survival and reproductive success, and on the lifespans of sons. We discover that mating at an old..., , , # What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger? Effects of paternal age at conception on fathers and sons

1.      **Analysi**s: R code used for analysing data.

2.      **HTML_code**: HTML document for analysis file with all model outputs, after all analysis have been run.

3.      **F1_LS**: file with data for offspring survival.

a.       Row: Row number

b.      Paternal_ID: ID of fathers

c.       Offspring_ID: ID of sons, which includes the ID of the father followed by the within-father ID of the son

d.      Latency: Mating latency of father

e.       Duration: Mating duration of father

f.        Mating_age: age at which the father mated to conceive the sons

g.      Paternal_LS: lifespan of the father

h.      F1_count: number of offspring produced by the father at the age the son was conceived

i.        F1_LS: lifespan of the son

4.      **F1counts and mortality**: data for paternal survival and reproduction

a.       Row: Row number

b.      ID: paternal ID

c.       Latency: M...

男性年龄增长通常被假设会因生殖衰老而同时降低雄性生育力与后代质量。然而，雄性年龄增长对繁殖产出与后代质量的影响并非总是有害的。例如，年长父亲或许可通过对繁殖进行终端投资来缓冲生殖衰老的效应。同理，能够存活至高龄仍可繁殖的雄性，可能携带赋予高生存力的等位基因（生存选择），这些基因随后会遗传给后代，或是具备较高的繁殖潜力（选择性消失）。要区分这些机制，需要对父本存活与繁殖表现以及后代质量开展整合性实验研究，但目前此类研究仍有所缺失。本研究以黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）为对象开展横断面研究，检验了受孕时父本年龄（paternal age at conception, PAC）对父本存活与繁殖成功率，以及对子代寿命的影响。我们发现，在高龄时交配……# “杀不死你的只会让你更强大？”——受孕时父本年龄对父代与子代的影响
1. **分析代码（Analysis）**：用于数据分析的R代码。
2. **HTML分析文档（HTML_code）**：完成所有分析后，包含全部模型输出结果的分析文件HTML文档。
3. **F1_LS**：子代存活相关数据文件。
a. 行号（Row）：行编号
b. 父本ID（Paternal_ID）：父本的唯一标识
c. 子代ID（Offspring_ID）：子代雄性的标识，格式为父本ID加上该子代在其父本内的个体编号
d. 交配潜伏期（Latency）：父本的交配潜伏期
e. 交配时长（Duration）：父本的交配时长
f. 交配年龄（Mating_age）：父本为孕育该子代雄性时的交配年龄
g. 父本寿命（Paternal_LS）：父本的存活时长
h. F1子代数量（F1_count）：父本在孕育该子代时所产生的子代总数
i. F1子代寿命（F1_LS）：该子代雄性的存活时长
4. **F1子代数量与死亡率（F1counts and mortality）**：父本存活与繁殖相关数据文件
a. 行号（Row）：行编号
b. ID：父本ID
c. 交配潜伏期（Latency）：M……