Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey, HIECS 2017/2018 - Egypt, Arab Rep.

Abstract
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<p style="border:solid thin black;"> THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS) </p>

The Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) is of great importance among other household surveys conducted by statistical agencies in various countries around the world. This survey provides a large amount of data to rely on in measuring the living standards of households and individuals, as well as establishing databases that serve in measuring poverty, designing social assistance programs, and providing necessary weights to compile consumer price indices, considered to be an important indicator to assess inflation.

The First Survey that covered all the country governorates was carried out in 1958/1959 followed by a long series of similar surveys. The current survey, HIECS 2017/2018, is the Thirteenth in this long series.
Starting 2008/2009, Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Surveys were conducted each two years instead of five years. this would enable better tracking of the rapid changes in the level of the living standards of the Egyptian households.

CAPMAS started in 2010/2011 to follow a panel sample of around 40% of the total household sample size. The current survey is the fourth one to follow a panel sample. This procedure will provide the necessary data to extract accurate indicators on the status of the society.
The CAPMAS also is pleased to disseminate the results of this survey to policy makers, researchers and scholarly to help in policy making and conducting development related researches and studies

The survey main objectives are:

- To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population as well as socio- economic and demographic differentials.

- To measure average household and per-capita expenditure for various expenditure items along with socio-economic correlates.

- To Measure the change in living standards and expenditure patterns and behavior for the individuals and households in the panel sample, previously surveyed in 2008/2009, for the first time during 12 months representing the survey period.

- To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various items used in compiling consumer price indices which is considered important indicator for measuring inflation.

- To estimate the quantities, values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to determine the levels of consumption and estimate the current demand which is important to predict future demands.

- To define average household and per-capita income from different sources.

- To provide data necessary to measure standard of living for households and individuals. Poverty analysis and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance are highly dependent on the results of this survey.

- To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas.

- To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure.

- To study the relationships between demographic, geographical, housing characteristics of households and their income.

- To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables.

- To identify consumers behavior changes among socio-economic groups in urban and rural areas.

- To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its nutrition components and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas.

- To identify the value of expenditure for food according to its sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for non-food commodities and services.

- To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipments such as (cars, satellites, mobiles ,…etc) in urban and rural areas that enables measuring household wealth index.

- To identify the percentage distribution of income earners according to some background variables such as housing conditions, size of household and characteristics of head of household.

- To provide a time series of the most important data related to dominant standard of living from economic and social perspective. This will enable conducting comparisons based on the results of these time series. In addition to, the possibility of performing geographical comparisons.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing household surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage
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Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit
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1- Household/family.
2- Individual/person.

Universe
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The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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<p style="border:solid thin black;"> THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS) </p>

The sample of HIECS 2017/2018 is a self-weighted two-stage stratified cluster sample.
The main elements of the sampling design are described in the following.

1- Sample Size
The sample size is around 26 thousand households. It was distributed between urban and rural with the percentages of 45% and 55%, respectively.

2- Cluster size
The cluster size is 20 households in all governorates.

3- Sample allocation in different governorates
45% of the survey sample was allocated to urban areas (12020 households) and the other 55% was allocated to rural areas (13780 households).
The sample was distributed on urban/rural areas in different governorates proportionally with the household size
A sample size of a minimum of 1000 households was allocated to each governorate to ensure accuracy of poverty indicators.
Therefore, the sample size was increased in Port-Said, Suez, Ismailiya, kafr el-Sheikh, Damietta, Bani Suef, Fayoum, Qena, Luxor and Aswan, by compensation from other governorates where the sample size exceeds a 1000 households. All Frontier governorates were considered as one governorate.

4- Core Sample
The core sample is the master sample of any household sample required to be pulled for the purpose of studying the properties of individuals and families. It is a large sample and distributed on urban and rural areas of all governorates. It is a representative sample for the individual characteristics of the Egyptian society.
This sample was implemented in January 2010 and its size reached more than 1 million household selected from 5024 enumeration areas distributed on all governorates (urban/rural) proportionally with the sample size (the enumeration area size is around 200 households).
The core sample is the sampling frame from which the samples for the surveys conducted by CAPMAS are pulled, such as the Labor Force Surveys, Income, Expenditure And Consumption Survey, Household Urban Migration Survey, ...etc, in addition to other samples that may be required for outsources.

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document available among external resources in Arabic.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Three different questionnaires have been designed as following:

1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire.
2- Assisting questionnaire.
3- Income Questionnaire.

In designing the questionnaires of expenditure, consumption and income, we were taking into our consideration the following:
- Using the recent concepts and definitions of International Labor Organization approved in the International Convention of Labor Statisticians held in Geneva, 2003.
- Using the recent Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP).
- Using more than one approach of expenditure measurement to serve many purposes of the survey.

A brief description of each questionnaire is given next:

----> 1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire
This questionnaire comprises 14 tables in addition to identification and geographic data of household on the cover page.
The questionnaire is divided into two main sections.

Section one: Household schedule and other information, it includes:
- Demographic characteristics and basic data for all household individuals consisting of 25 questions for every person.
- Members of household who are currently working abroad.
- The household ration card.
- The main outlets that provide food and beverage.
- Domestic and foreign tourism.
- The housing conditions including 16 questions.
- Household ownership of means of transportation, communication and domestic appliances.
- Date of purchase, status at purchase, purchase value and current imputed value of the
household possessed appliances and means of transportation.
- The Duration since the household was established
- The main outlet that provides fabrics, clothes and footwear.
-This section includes some questions which help to define the social and economic level of households which in turn, help interviewers to check the plausibility of expenditure, consumption and income data.

Section two: Expenditure and consumption data It includes 14 tables as follows:
1- The quantity and value of food and beverages commodities actually consumed.
2- The quantity and value of the actual consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics.
3- The quantity and value of the clothing and footwear.
4- The household expenditure on housing.
5- The household expenditure on furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house.
6- The household expenditure on health care services.
7- The household expenditure on transportation.
8- The household expenditure on communication.
9- The household expenditure on recreation and culture
10- The household expenditure on education.
11- The household expenditure at restaurants and hotels.
12- The household expenditure on miscellaneous goods and services.
13- Transfer payments.
14- Total annual household expenditure

The tables from 1 to 13 include all types of commodities and services (850 Items), 50 Sub-group and 12 Main groups in addition to transfer payments.

This questionnaire has been designed to be pre-coded for all expenditure items and household characteristics, to avoid possible coding mistakes, except for the occupation and industry. Those were coded at the office following the International classifications for occupation and industry. On the questionnaire cover, geographic information were coded at the office, as well, following the Administrative Classification.

The questionnaire was designed to cover different reference periods for expenditure data, since they differ based on the expenditure nature. The reference period agreed upon for regular consumption of commodities such as those related to food and beverage is two weeks. Alcoholic beverages and Tobacco are collected for a reference of one month ending by the end of the survey period. Commodities and services consumed on a semi-regular basis are collected for a reference of 3 month while commodities and services consumed less regularly are collected on annual basis, ending by the end of the survey period.
The total number of items increased to 850 commodity and service compared to 778 in 2012/2013 survey.

----> 2 - Assisting questionnaire
The assisting questionnaire has been prepared to help households recording - on a daily basis- the quantity and value of what have been consumed of food and beverages during the reference period.
Therefore, this questionnaire is considered the main source of expenditure data on food and beverage, and was designed in a very simple form to facilitate using it by the surveyed household and the interviewers during their frequent visits to the household.
Due to the importance of such a questionnaire, the households are required to record their expenses daily, and the interviewers are instructed to check what households have recorded during their 6 visits to the household during the survey period. In case of the inability of some households to record their daily expenditure, the interviewer has to do so.

The questionnaire includes:
a- Letter addressed to the head of household to inform him/her about the importance of survey so that his/her cooperation may be stimulated.
b- Instructions of data recording for households and interviewers.
c- A group of modules to record daily consumption of household as follows:

Module (A): Includes twenty pages to record the daily consumed quantity and value of food and beverages, during the survey period. Each pages consists of 4 columns and each column is used to register the data of one good, including:
Date, source of commodity, quantity and value.
Module (B): Includes ten pages to record the value of expenditure for meals and tobacco outside the house, in addition to the value of expenditure for food prepared outside the house and consumed inside the house.
Module (C1): Includes 12 pages to record the total of quantity and value of consumed food and beverages according to source, either from household production or in-kind transfer, during the survey period using the data recorded in Module (A).
Module (C2): Includes 6 pages to record the total of quantity and value of actually consumed food and beverages according to source, either from household production or in-kind transfer, during the survey period using the data recorded in Module (A).
Module (D): Includes two pages to record total expenditure on food and beverages consumed outside home during the survey period using the data recorded in Module (B).

----> 3- Income questionnaire
It includes annual household income data according to income sources (excluding irregular incomes).
It consists of several tables; each is designated to a specific income source. These sources are:
- Wages and salaries for wage/salary for earners among household members.
- Self-employed income from agriculture projects.
- Self-employed income from non Agriculture projects.
- Financial properties such as stocks, bonds, deposits and investment certificates.
- Non- financial properties such as agriculture or non-agriculture land and rented to others properties.
- Imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings.
- Received cash and in kind transfers

Cleaning operations
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----> Raw Data

- Data entry was conducted using the tablets carried by interviewers upon data collection, during visits.
- Data entry programs were designed and implemented by data experts in CAPMAS
- Those programs are flexible and user friendly.
- Validation rules were further added to the entry programs to ensure data is correctly entered.
- Further errors are produced in reports through the same program.
- Errors are then corrected to ensure data files produced are free of error.

----> Harmonized Data

- The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) is used to clean and harmonize the datasets.
- The harmonization process starts with cleaning all raw data files received from the Statistical Agency.
- Cleaned data files are then all merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization.
- A country-specific program is generated for each dataset to generate/compute /recode/rename/format/label harmonized variables.
- A post-harmonization cleaning process is then conducted on the data.
- Harmonized data is saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and converted to STATA format.

Response rate
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For the new sample, the response rate was 96.8% (94.2% in urban areas and 99.03% in rural areas).

Response rates on the governorate level at each sampling stage are presented in the methodology document attached to the documentation materials published in Arabic.

摘要
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本报告所呈现的由经济研究论坛整理与发布的调查数据之清洁与协调版本，占中央公共动员与统计局（CAPMAS）原始调查数据的50%。

家庭收入、支出与消费调查（HIECS）在世界各国统计机构进行的众多家庭调查中占据重要地位。该调查提供大量数据，为衡量家庭和个人的生活水平、构建用于衡量贫困、设计社会援助项目以及编制消费者价格指数提供必要权重，而消费者价格指数被视为衡量通货膨胀的重要指标。

自1958/1959年首次覆盖全国所有省份的调查以来，随后进行了一系列类似的调查。当前的调查，即2017/2018年的HIECS，是该系列的第十三次调查。

自2008/2009年起，家庭收入、支出与消费调查每两年进行一次，而不是之前每五年一次，这有助于更好地追踪埃及家庭生活水平的变化。

CAPMAS自2010/2011年起开始跟踪约40%的总家庭样本的样本面板。当前调查是第四次跟踪样本面板的调查。此程序将提供必要的数据，以提取关于社会状况的准确指标。

CAPMAS还很高兴将此调查结果公布于政策制定者、研究人员和学者，以协助政策制定和开展与发展相关的科研与学术研究。

调查的主要目标如下：

- 确定人口支出水平及模式，以及社会经济和人口统计学差异。

- 衡量不同支出项目的平均家庭和人均支出，以及社会经济相关性。

- 衡量样本家庭和个体在面板样本中（此前于2008/2009年进行调查）在调查期间的12个月内的生活水平及支出模式和行为的变化。

- 定义用于编制消费者价格指数的各项目的支出百分比分布，这是衡量通货膨胀的重要指标。

- 估计调查期间家庭消费的商品和服务的数量和价值，以确定消费水平和估计当前需求，这对于预测未来需求至关重要。

- 定义来自不同来源的家庭平均和人均收入。

- 提供衡量家庭和个人生活水平的必要数据。贫困分析和建立社会福利援助的基础高度依赖于本调查的结果。

- 提供衡量各种商品和服务组支出弹性（即支出百分比变化相对于总支出百分比变化）的必要数据，以预测不同商品和服务项目的城市和农村地区的支出和消费水平。

- 提供衡量收入与支出变化之间关系的数据，以衡量支出的收入弹性。

- 研究家庭人口、地理和住房特征与收入之间的关系。

- 提供编制国民核算表（特别是投入和产出表）的必要数据。

- 识别城市和农村地区社会经济群体中消费者行为的变化。

- 识别按营养成分和城市与农村地区的支出水平划分的每人大米消费及其主要成分（卡路里、蛋白质和脂肪）。

- 识别食品支出的价值，根据其来源，无论是家庭生产还是非家庭生产，以及家庭对非食品商品和服务的支出。

- 识别城市和农村地区家庭拥有某些家电和设备（如汽车、卫星、移动电话等）的分布，这有助于衡量家庭财富指数。

- 识别根据住房条件、家庭规模和户主特征等背景变量划分的收入获得者的百分比分布。

- 提供从经济和社会角度出发，与主导生活水平相关的最重要数据的时序分析。这将使根据这些时序分析进行比较成为可能，此外，还可能进行地理比较。

统计机构提供的原始调查数据经过经济研究论坛的清洁与协调，该论坛自2009年起启动了一个主要项目。在此期间，进行了大量工作以获取、清洁、协调、保存和传播几个阿拉伯国家现有家庭调查的微观数据。

地理覆盖范围
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涵盖所有省份的城市和农村地区的样本。
分析单元
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1- 家庭/家庭。
2- 个人/人。
总体
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调查涵盖了一个全国性的家庭样本以及所有永久居住在调查家庭中的个人。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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本报告所呈现的由经济研究论坛整理与发布的调查数据之清洁与协调版本，占中央公共动员与统计局（CAPMAS）原始调查数据的50%。

HIECS 2017/2018的调查样本是一个自我加权、两阶段的分层聚类样本。抽样设计的主要要素如下。

1- 样本量
样本量约为26,000户家庭。它分别在城市和农村地区分配，比例为45%和55%。

2- 聚类大小
所有省份的聚类大小为20户。

3- 不同省份的样本分配
调查样本的45%分配给城市地区（12,020户），其余55%分配给农村地区（13,780户）。样本在城市/农村地区以及不同省份按家庭规模成比例分配
每个省份至少分配了1000户家庭的样本，以确保贫困指标的准确性。因此，在样本量超过1000户的省份，通过从其他省份的补偿来增加样本量。所有边疆省份被视为一个省份。

4- 核心样本
核心样本是任何家庭样本的主样本，用于研究个人和家庭的属性。这是一个大型样本，并分配到所有省份的城市和农村地区。它是埃及社会个人特征的代表性样本。

此样本于2010年1月开始实施，其规模达到超过1百万户，从分布在所有省份（城市/农村）的5024个普查区中选出（普查区规模约为200户）。核心样本是CAPMAS进行调查的抽样框架，例如劳动力调查、收入、支出和消费调查、家庭城市迁移调查等，以及可能需要的其他样本。

以下是对不同抽样阶段和样本分配到各省份的更详细描述，这些描述可在阿拉伯语的外部资源中的方法论文档中找到。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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设计了三种不同的问卷，如下所示：

1- 支出和消费问卷。
2- 辅助问卷。
3- 收入问卷。

在设计支出、消费和收入问卷时，我们考虑了以下因素：
- 使用国际劳工组织于2003年在日内瓦举行的国际劳动统计学家大会批准的最新概念和定义。
- 使用最新的按目的分类的个人消费分类（COICOP）。
- 采用多种支出测量方法，以满足调查的多种目的。

以下是对每个问卷的简要描述：

----> 1- 支出和消费问卷
此问卷包括14个表格，以及封面页上的家庭标识和地理数据。
问卷分为两个主要部分。
第一部分：家庭日程和其他信息，包括：
- 所有家庭成员的人口统计学特征和基本数据，每人25个问题。
- 目前在国外工作的家庭成员。
- 家庭粮食券。
- 提供食品和饮料的主要场所。
- 国内和国外旅游。
- 住房条件，包括16个问题。
- 家庭拥有的交通工具、通信和家用电器。
- 家庭拥有的家电和交通工具的购买日期、购买状态、购买价值和当前估计价值。
- 家庭成立的时间。
- 提供布料、服装和鞋类的场所。

此部分包括一些问题，有助于定义家庭的社会和经济水平，进而帮助调查员检查支出、消费和收入数据的合理性。
第二部分：支出和消费数据，包括以下14个表格：
1- 实际消费的食品和饮料商品的总量和价值。
2- 实际消费的酒精饮料、烟草和麻醉品的总量和价值。
3- 服装和鞋类的总量和价值。
4- 家庭住房支出。
5- 家庭家具、家庭设备和房屋日常维护支出。
6- 家庭医疗保健服务支出。
7- 家庭交通支出。
8- 家庭通信支出。
9- 家庭娱乐和文化支出。
10- 家庭教育支出。
11- 家庭在餐厅和酒店的支出。
12- 家庭在杂项商品和服务上的支出。
13- 转移支付。
14- 家庭年度总支出。

从1到13的表格包括所有类型的商品和服务（850项），50个子组和12个主要组，以及转移支付。
此问卷旨在对所有支出项目和家庭特征进行预编码，以避免可能的编码错误，除了职业和行业。这些在办公室根据国际职业和行业分类进行编码。地理信息也在办公室根据行政分类进行编码。
问卷旨在涵盖不同参考期的支出数据，因为它们根据支出性质而不同。对于与食品和饮料相关的常规消费商品的参考期已商定为两周。酒精饮料和烟草的收集以一个月为参考期，至调查期末。对于定期消费的商品和服务，收集以3个月为参考期，而消费不规律的商品和服务则在年度基础上收集，至调查期末。与2012/2013年的778项相比，项目的总数增加到850项。

----> 2 - 辅助问卷
辅助问卷旨在帮助家庭在参考期内记录所消费的食品和饮料的总量和价值。
因此，此问卷被认为是食品和饮料支出数据的主要来源，并且设计得非常简单，以便调查家庭和调查员在频繁访问家庭时使用。
由于此类问卷的重要性，家庭需要每天记录其支出，调查员在调查期间的6次家庭访问中需要检查家庭记录的内容。如果某些家庭无法记录其每日支出，调查员必须这样做。

问卷包括：

a- 致家庭负责人的信函，告知其调查的重要性，以激发其合作。
b- 家庭和调查员的数据记录说明。
c- 一组模块，用于记录家庭在调查期间的每日消费如下：
模块（A）：包括20页，用于记录调查期间每日消费的食品和饮料的总量和价值。每页有4列，每列用于记录一种商品的以下数据：日期、商品来源、数量和价值。
模块（B）：包括10页，用于记录在外就餐的餐饮和烟草的支出价值，以及在外准备并在家中消费的食品的支出价值。
模块（C1）：包括12页，用于记录根据来源，从家庭生产或实物转移中消费的食品和饮料的总量和价值，使用模块（A）中记录的数据。
模块（C2）：包括6页，用于记录根据来源，从家庭生产或实物转移中实际消费的食品和饮料的总量和价值，使用模块（A）中记录的数据。
模块（D）：包括2页，用于记录在调查期间在家外消费的食品和饮料的总支出，使用模块（B）中记录的数据。

----> 3- 收入问卷
它包括根据收入来源（不包括不规则收入）的家庭年度收入数据。
它由几个表格组成；每个表格都指定了特定的收入来源。这些来源是：
- 家庭成员的工资和薪水。
- 来自农业项目的自营收入。
- 来自非农业项目的自营收入。
- 金融财产，如股票、债券、存款和投资证明。
- 非金融财产，如农业或非农业土地和出租给他人的财产。
- 自有住房的租金。
- 接收的现金和实物转移。

数据清理操作
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----> 原始数据

- 数据录入在数据收集期间由携带平板电脑的调查员进行。
- 数据录入程序由CAPMAS的数据专家设计和实施。
- 这些程序灵活且用户友好。
- 进一步在录入程序中添加了验证规则，以确保正确输入数据。
- 报告中产生的进一步错误通过相同的程序进行纠正。
- 纠正错误以确保生成的数据文件无错误。

----> 协调数据

- 使用统计软件包（SPSS）对数据集进行清洁和协调。
- 协调过程从清洁所有从统计机构收到的原始数据文件开始。
- 清洁后的数据文件随后合并，以生成一个包含所有需要协调变量的个人层面的数据文件。
- 为每个数据集生成一个特定于国家的程序，以生成/计算/重新编码/重命名/格式化/标记协调变量。
- 然后在数据上进行后协调清理。
- 协调数据以家庭和个体层面保存，在SPSS中，并转换为STATA格式。

响应率
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对于新的样本，响应率为96.8%（城市地区为94.2%，农村地区为99.03%）。

每个抽样阶段的省份级别的响应率在阿拉伯语的方法论文档中提供。