The participation of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) in the perception of pain in patients with migraine: A psychological profile

ABSTRACT Young's early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (YSQ-S3) is used to understand psychological aspects. Objective: EMSs were evaluated in patients with migraine. Methods: Sixty-five subjects were evaluated using the YSQ-S3 under standard conditions in a room with air conditioning at 22 ± 2°C. The subjects were stratified by morbidity (migraine), gender (male/female) and age (18-29 / 30-39 / 40-55). Controls (without migraine), n = 27 and patients (with migraine), n = 38, men (n = 19) and women (n = 46); participants aged 18-29 years, n = 34, aged 30-39 years, n = 14 and aged 40-55 years, n = 17. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, with p-values <0.05. Results were expressed as percentages in contingency tables. Results: There was a significant association between migraine and female gender (84.21%; p-value <0.05, Table 1), between hypervigilance and inhibition, and unrelenting standards (56.52%; p-value <0.0.014, Table 2) and female gender with migraine. Moreover, there was a significant association between hypervigilance and inhibition, and unrelenting standards (73.68%; p-value <0.0001) and self-punishment (84.21%; p-value <0.0001) in patients with migraine of both genders (Table 3). Conclusion: The individuals with migraine had a psychological profile of being overly demanding with themselves and others and self-punishing, where this was more frequent in women.

摘要 杨氏早期不良适应图式问卷（Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire，YSQ-S3）是用于探查个体心理特质的标准化评估工具。
研究目的：本研究旨在针对偏头痛患者的早期不良适应图式（Early Maladaptive Schemas，EMSs）进行评估。
研究方法：本研究共纳入65名受试者，在室温控制为22±2℃的空调房间内，采用YSQ-S3量表开展标准化评估。按照患病状态（偏头痛/非偏头痛）、性别（男/女）以及年龄区间（18~29岁、30~39岁、40~55岁）对受试者进行分层分组：其中非偏头痛对照组共27例，偏头痛患者组共38例；男性受试者19例，女性46例；年龄分层方面，18~29岁组34例，30~39岁组14例，40~55岁组17例。数据分析采用卡方检验，检验水准设定为P<0.05，结果以列联表中的百分比形式呈现。
研究结果：本研究发现偏头痛与女性性别存在显著关联（84.21%；P<0.05，见表1）；过度警觉与抑制、固执标准（56.52%；P<0.014，见表2）以及女性偏头痛患者之间存在显著关联。此外，在所有性别偏头痛患者中，过度警觉与抑制、固执标准（73.68%；P<0.0001）以及自我惩罚（84.21%；P<0.0001）之间均存在显著关联（见表3）。
研究结论：偏头痛患者普遍存在对自身及他人要求过高、自我惩罚的心理特质，且该类心理特征在女性群体中更为常见。