2D5_8.fastqDivergent Roles of hcp Genes in Salmonella Typhimurium T6SS Shape Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis during InfectionT6SS

<em>Salmonella enterica </em>subsp.<em> enterica </em>serovar Typhimurium (<em>S. </em>Typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular pathogen causing significant gastrointestinal infections in humans and animals. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) plays a crucial role in its virulence, facilitating competition with host gut microbiota and promoting infection. While <em>S.</em> Typhimurium possesses a single T6SS, it encodes three <em>hcp</em> genes, which are crucial for its functionality and may exhibit non-redundant roles. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze gut microbiota in BALB/c mice after infection with wild-type (WT) <em>S.</em> Typhimurium or mutant strains (Δ<em>hcp1</em>, Δ<em>hcp2</em>, Δ<em>hcp3</em>). Our findings revealed that <em>S</em>. Typhimurium infection induced severe gut dysbiosis especially on the second day post-infection. Specifically, the infection led to a notable increase in Firmicutes and activated the energy pathways that promotes the breakdown of short chain fatty acids. Wild type <em>S.</em> Typhimurium infection caused a sharp increase in <em>Escherichia-Shigella</em> levels, indicating inflammation-related dysbiosis, while the Δ<em>hcp</em>1, Δ<em>hcp</em>2, and Δ<em>hcp</em>3 groups showed milder changes, suggesting less disruption to gut microbiota. Deletion of individual <em>hcp</em> genes led to distinct bacterial taxa changes, underscoring the non-redundant functions of each <em>hcp</em>. Despite having only one T6SS, <em>S.</em> Typhimurium achieves precise modulation of its functions through the divergent roles of its Hcp proteins, enabling efficient colonization and persistence in the host gut.  These findings provide insights into the intricate mechanisms of bacterial adaptation and host-pathogen interactions, offering potential avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting T6SS-mediated dysbiosis.

*肠炎沙门氏菌肠炎亚种鼠伤寒血清型（*Salmonella enterica* subsp. *enterica* serovar Typhimurium，简称*S.* Typhimurium）*是一种兼性胞内病原菌，可引发人类与动物的重度胃肠道感染。第六型分泌系统（T6SS）在其毒力调控中发挥关键作用，可介导病原菌与宿主肠道菌群的竞争并促进感染进程。尽管*S.* Typhimurium仅携带一套T6SS，但其基因组编码三个hcp基因，这些基因对其功能至关重要，且功能上呈现非冗余性。本研究采用16S rRNA测序技术，对感染野生型（wild-type，WT）*S.* Typhimurium或其突变菌株（Δ*hcp1*、Δ*hcp2*、Δ*hcp3*）后的BALB/c小鼠肠道菌群进行了分析。研究结果显示，*S.* Typhimurium感染可引发严重的肠道菌群失调，尤以感染后次日最为显著。具体而言，感染可导致厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）丰度显著升高，并激活促进短链脂肪酸分解的能量代谢通路。野生型*S.* Typhimurium感染可导致埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属（*Escherichia-Shigella*）丰度急剧升高，提示存在炎症相关菌群失调；而Δ*hcp1*、Δ*hcp2*及Δ*hcp3*突变组的菌群变化则更为温和，表明其对肠道菌群的破坏程度更低。单个hcp基因的敲除会引发独特的细菌类群变化，进一步证实了每个hcp基因功能的非冗余性。尽管*S.* Typhimurium仅携带一套T6SS，但其可通过不同Hcp蛋白的差异化功能实现对系统功能的精准调控，从而得以在宿主肠道中高效定植并持续存活。本研究结果为解析细菌适应性与宿主-病原菌互作的复杂机制提供了新视角，同时也为靶向T6SS介导的菌群失调的治疗干预提供了潜在方向。