Toxicity of pesticides to Apis mellifera in the presence and absence of P450 inducers.

Toxicity bioassays for the pyrethroid pesticides tau-fluvalinate and lambda-cyhalothrin, the organochlorine aldrin, and its bioactivated P450 metabolite dieldrin, using 3-day-old bees fed sucrose “bee candy” or candy with phenobarbital (5 mg/g candy), xanthotoxin (1 mg/g), quercetin (10 mg/g), salicylic acid (2.5 mg/g) or indole-3-carbinol (1 mg/g) added. N = total number of bees included in bioassay, LD50 = Lethal Dose 50%, as calculated by probit model, 95%CI = 95% confidence interval for the LD50 (treatments with non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals are considered significantly different) , slope = slope of the log-probit line, intercept = intercept of the log-probit line, SE = standard error, chi square = statistical test for the probit model, if significant then correction for heterogeneity using Fieller's method was applied, df = degrees of freedom for the chi square test.