Prevalence of symptoms of temporomandibular disorders, oral behaviors, anxiety, and depression in Dentistry students during the period of social isolation due to COVID-19

Abstract Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), anxiety, and depression are disorders that, due to the current lifestyle, are affecting an increasing portion of the population. Investigating the prevalence of the symptoms of these disorders during the quarantine due to the coronavirus 2019 pandemic (COVID-19) is important to outline clinical strategies for patient care. Objective: This study assessed the prevalence of TMD symptoms, anxiety, depression, and oral behaviors and their associations during the social isolation due to COVID-19. Methodology: Questionnaires were used to assess TMD symptoms in accordance with the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders: clinical protocol and assessment instruments, a questionnaire to verify oral behaviors and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression in students of dentistry at the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Brasília in May 2020. Qualitative data were subjected to descriptive statistics and chi-squared analysis (p<0.05). The relationship between quantitative and qualitative data was evaluated using Spearman's rho correlation (p<0.05). Results: There was a high prevalence of TMD symptoms, anxiety, and depression in the participants, resulting in association between gender and anxiety symptoms (p=0.029). There was a positive correlation between oral behaviors and TMD symptoms (r=0.364; p<0.001), between oral behaviors and anxiety symptoms (r=0.312; p=0.001), and between oral behaviors and symptoms of depression (r=0.216; p=0.021). Conclusion: Social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on the prevalence of TMD symptoms, anxiety, and depression.

摘要
颞下颌关节紊乱病（Temporomandibular dysfunction, TMD）、焦虑与抑郁均为受当前生活方式影响，患病率持续升高的疾患。探究2019冠状病毒病（coronavirus 2019 pandemic, COVID-19）疫情封锁期间上述病症的症状流行情况，对制定患者临床诊疗策略具有重要意义。
研究目的：本研究旨在评估2019冠状病毒病疫情社会隔离阶段，颞下颌关节紊乱病症状、焦虑、抑郁及口腔行为的流行情况，并分析其相关性。
研究方法：本研究于2020年5月针对巴西利亚大学健康科学学院的牙科学生开展调研，采用符合《颞下颌关节紊乱病诊断标准：临床方案与评估工具》的问卷评估颞下颌关节紊乱病症状，使用口腔行为调查问卷及医院焦虑抑郁量表（Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale）评估焦虑与抑郁症状。对定性数据采用描述性统计及卡方检验进行分析（p<0.05）；定量数据与定性数据间的相关性采用斯皮尔曼rho相关性分析（p<0.05）。
研究结果：研究对象中颞下颌关节紊乱病症状、焦虑及抑郁的患病率较高，且性别与焦虑症状存在显著关联（p=0.029）。口腔行为与颞下颌关节紊乱病症状呈正相关（r=0.364; p<0.001），口腔行为与焦虑症状亦呈正相关（r=0.312; p=0.001），口腔行为与抑郁症状同样呈正相关（r=0.216; p=0.021）。
研究结论：2019冠状病毒病疫情期间实施的社会隔离措施，会对颞下颌关节紊乱病症状、焦虑及抑郁的流行情况产生影响。