KH-4B CORONA Satellite Image (2 of 8) for Syrian/Turkish border of Al Jazira

This is a satellite image data product made available from the 1995 declassification of intelligence imagery acquired by the first generation of United States photo-reconnaissance satellites, including the systems code-named CORONA, ARGON and LANYARD. More than 860,000 images of the Earth's surface, collected between 1960 and 1972 have been declassified. The images were used to produce maps and charts for the Department of Defense and other Federal Government mapping programs. Nearly all of the imagery from these systems was collected using black and white film. There is a very limited amount of infrared film and high definition colour aerial film that was tested as part of the KH-4B missions and yielded poor spatial resolution performance. The original film is being preserved by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and is stored at the National Archives at College Park, MD. The US Geological Survey (USGS) originally delivered these images as negatives and prints to customers, but now USGS offers them as scanned images in *.tiff file formats. The images are not geo-referenced and require a Geographical Information System (GIS) or image processing package to achieve this. This CORONA image dataset was captured as part of the KH-4B mission which photographed the earth's surface from September 1967 to May 1972. The ground resolution for these images is six feet (1.8 metres). This image is identified as DS1107-2154DA071, which is coded to provide the following information: DS = Dataset Name (2 characters) MMMM = Revolution (4 characters) C = Camera Type (1 character) FFF = Frame number (3 characters) This image file is named and is one of eight image files cropped and extracted from the original file. This was done to improve spatial accuracy, during geo-referencing of each image, and reduce file size. The photo covers an area, which follows along the Syrian/Turkish border and extends east into the Sirnak Province of Turkey. The image starts just east of the Ras al Ayn settlement in Syria and extends east towards the settlement of Beytussebap, Turkey. Beytussebap is about 85km east of the River Tigris. Neither Ras al Ayn or Beytussebap can be seen on the image, but both are within 10km to the west and east respectively. This image covers the upland area between Lake Baraj to the settlement of Hasantepe (western edge of the image). The town of Cilesiz, Turkey can be seen in the southwest corner of the image. As this image was captured during the summer month of August in 1969, there is very little cloud cover present; ground visibility is close to 100 percent. This image has been primarily used as part of research to locate and map archaeological sites (Tells) in this part of the Jazira region of Syria. The image also provides an important snapshot of the northern Jazira landscape in 1969. Landscape features and settlements in the region can also be mapped and compared with those from images captured recently to track and compare changes to land-use and settlement patterns in the region. This CORONA image dataset was captured as part of the KH-4B mission which photographed the earth's surface from September 1967 to May 1972. This image is identified as DS1107-2154DA071.Original CORONA image was opened in Adobe Photoshop and cropped into eight segments, then saved as separate files to reduce file size and improve spatial accuracy. Each image segment was cropped again to remove the dark surround and label from original film negative; USGS policy was to scan the entire photo negative. The dark surround contributes significantly to the file size; the removal of this reduces the file size and allows for displaying and joining adjacent images to form a contiguous area. Each CORONA image was subsequently opened in ArcGIS and geo-referenced using ground control points. Landsat images were used as cross-reference sources for acquiring co-ordinates to geo-reference the image. The number of control points added to the image varied and depended on identifiable surface features. When possible, road intersections and settlements were used, though fewer existed when this 1969 image was captured; much of the area covered represents rural landscape. River and wadi confluences and meanders were also located and used for ground control points, though wadis are more prominent in this semi-arid region. Aerial or Satellite Imagery. This dataset was first accessioned in the EDINA ShareGeo Open repository on 2010-07-06 and migrated to Edinburgh DataShare on 2017-02-21.

本卫星影像数据集源自1995年解密的美国第一代照相侦察卫星所获取的情报影像，涵盖代号为科罗纳（CORONA）、阿尔贡（ARGON）与拉尼亚德（LANYARD）的侦察系统。1960年至1972年间采集的超过86万幅地球表面影像已完成解密。这批影像曾为美国国防部及其他联邦政府测绘项目制作地图与海图。该系列系统的影像几乎均采用黑白胶片采集；仅在锁眼（KH）-4B任务中测试性使用了极少量红外胶片与高清彩色航空胶片，且此类影像的空间分辨率表现较差。原始胶片由美国国家档案与文件署（National Archives and Records Administration, NARA）保管，存储于马里兰州学院公园国家档案馆。美国地质调查局（US Geological Survey, USGS）最初以负片和照片的形式向客户交付这批影像，如今则以*.tiff格式的扫描影像提供服务。这批影像未进行地理配准，需借助地理信息系统（Geographical Information System, GIS）或图像处理软件完成配准。

本次展示的科罗纳（CORONA）影像数据集属于锁眼（KH）-4B任务的一部分，该任务于1967年9月至1972年5月期间拍摄地球表面影像。该批次影像的地面分辨率为6英尺（1.8米）。本影像的标识符为DS1107-2154DA071，其编码规则如下：DS代表数据集名称（2个字符），MMMM代表运行圈数（4个字符），C代表相机类型（1个字符），FFF代表帧编号（3个字符）。本影像文件是从原始文件中裁剪提取的8幅影像之一，此举旨在提升单幅影像地理配准过程中的空间精度并减小文件体积。

该影像覆盖的区域沿叙利亚-土耳其边境延伸，并向东伸入土耳其舍尔纳克省（Sirnak Province）。影像的起始位置位于叙利亚拉斯艾因（Ras al Ayn）定居点东侧，向东延伸至土耳其贝图塞巴普（Beytussebap）定居点。贝图塞巴普距底格里斯河（River Tigris）以东约85公里，拉斯艾因与贝图塞巴普均未在影像中显现，但二者分别位于影像西侧10公里范围内与影像东侧10公里范围内。本影像覆盖巴拉杰湖（Lake Baraj）至哈桑特佩（Hasantepe）定居点之间的高地（影像西边缘即为哈桑特佩），土耳其的希莱齐兹（Cilesiz）镇可见于影像西南角。

由于本影像拍摄于1969年8月夏季，影像中云量极少，地面能见度接近100%。本影像主要用于叙利亚贾兹拉（Jazira）地区该片区的考古遗址（土丘，Tells）定位与测绘工作，同时也为1969年的北贾兹拉地区地貌提供了珍贵的快照记录。该区域的地貌特征与定居点也可与近期拍摄的影像进行对比，以此追踪并分析该区域土地利用与定居模式的变化。

本次科罗纳（CORONA）影像数据集属于锁眼（KH）-4B任务的一部分，该任务于1967年9月至1972年5月期间拍摄地球表面影像。本影像的标识符为DS1107-2154DA071。原始科罗纳（CORONA）影像在Adobe Photoshop中打开后被裁剪为8个片段，随后保存为独立文件以减小文件体积并提升空间精度。每幅影像片段均再次进行裁剪，以去除原始胶片负片的暗边与标注；根据美国地质调查局（USGS）的政策，需对整张照片负片进行扫描。暗边会大幅增加文件体积，去除暗边不仅可以减小文件体积，还便于显示并拼接相邻影像以形成连续区域。

每幅科罗纳（CORONA）影像均随后在ArcGIS中打开，并通过地面控制点完成地理配准。陆地卫星（Landsat）影像被用作获取坐标以完成地理配准的参考源。添加至影像的控制点数量因可识别的地表特征而异：若条件允许，会使用道路交叉口与定居点，但1969年拍摄本影像时此类地标较少，影像覆盖的大部分区域均为乡村地貌。此外，河流与干谷（wadi）的汇流处及曲流也被用作地面控制点，而在这片半干旱地区，干谷的特征更为显著。航空影像或卫星影像。

本数据集于2010年7月6日首次存入EDINA ShareGeo Open知识库，并于2017年2月21日迁移至Edinburgh DataShare平台。