Firehole River near Madison Junction (YFIR)

Firehole River near Madison Junction (YFIR), Yellowstone National Park Sample Collection: Samples were collected near the USGS stream gage 06036905 (Latitude 44°37'12.66", Longitude 110°51'48.61" NAD83). At the time of collection, all waters samples were filtered through a syringe filter (0.45-micrometer). Two splits of the filtered water were retained for chemical analyses, including an unacidified (FU) sample for determination of anion concentrations and a nitric acid preserved (FA; 1% volume-to-volume concentrated trace-metal grade nitric acid) sample for cation and trace metal analyses. During sample collection, the water temperature, specific conductance, and pH were often measured. Sample Analyses: Concentrations of chloride, fluoride, bromide, and sulfate were determined with an ion chromatograph (Dionex ICS-2000). Analytical errors for these constituents were typically less than 2%. Total alkalinity as bicarbonate was determined on stored samples, usually within several months after collection. Ten milliliters of sample were titrated with 0.05 Normal sulfuric acid to the bicarbonate end-point. The analytical error in alkalinity concentrations was roughly ± 5%. Concentrations of cations and trace metals were determined with an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer Optima 7300 DV) following the methods described in Ball and others (2010). Database Contents The data file (YFIR.csv) contains the solute concentrations and the water discharge at the time of sampling for each of the rivers studied. The entries in the data file appear in the following columns: A. Date sample collected B. Time sample collected C. Water discharge (cubic feet per second) obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System (NWIS) D. Water discharge (cubic meter per second) - obtained by multiplying column C by 0.02832 E. Chloride concentration (milligrams per liter) F. Fluoride concentration (milligrams per liter) G. Bromide concentration (milligrams per liter) H. Sulfate concentration (milligrams per liter) I. Alkalinity (milligrams per liter as bicarbonate) J. Chloride flux (grams/second) K. pH (standard units) L. Specific conductance (microSiemens per centimeter) M. Temperature (degrees Celsius) N. Calcium concentration (milligrams per liter) O. Magnesium concentration (milligrams per liter) P. Sodium concentration (milligrams per liter) Q. Potassium concentration (milligrams per liter) R. Iron concentration (milligrams per liter) S. Silica concentration (milligrams per liter) T. Boron concentration (milligrams per liter) U. Aluminum concentration (milligrams per liter) V. Lithium concentration (milligrams per liter) W. Strontium concentration (milligrams per liter) X. Barium concentration (milligrams per liter) Y. Rubidium concentration (milligrams per liter) Z. Manganese concentration (milligrams per liter) AA. Molybdenum concentration (milligrams per liter) AB. Copper concentration (milligrams per liter) AC. Zinc concentration (milligrams per liter) AD. Cadmium concentration (milligrams per liter) AE. Chromium concentration (milligrams per liter) AF. Cobalt concentration (milligrams per liter) AG. Lead concentration (milligrams per liter) AH. Nickel concentration (milligrams per liter) AI. Vanadium concentration (milligrams per liter) AJ. Arsenic concentration (milligrams per liter) AK. Antimony concentration (milligrams per liter) References Ball, J.W., McCleskey, R.B., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2010, Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 2006-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1192, 109 p.

黄石国家公园麦迪逊交汇处附近的火洞河（Firehole River near Madison Junction, YFIR）数据集

## 样本采集
样本采集于美国地质调查局（U.S. Geological Survey, USGS）06036905号水文测站附近（北纬44°37'12.66"，西经110°51'48.61"，采用NAD83坐标系）。采样过程中，所有水样均通过0.45微米针式过滤器（syringe filter）进行过滤。将过滤后的水样分为两份以开展化学分析：一份为未酸化（FU）水样，用于阴离子浓度测定；另一份经硝酸保存（FA；按体积比1%加入痕量金属级浓硝酸），用于阳离子及痕量金属分析。采样期间同步测定了水温、比电导率及pH值。

## 样本分析
采用离子色谱仪（ion chromatograph，Dionex ICS-2000）测定氯离子、氟离子、溴离子及硫酸盐的浓度，此类组分的分析误差通常小于2%。以碳酸氢根计的总碱度通过储存样品测定，通常在采样后数月内完成：量取10mL样品，用0.05当量硫酸滴定至碳酸氢根终点，碱度浓度的分析误差约为±5%。参照Ball等人（2010）的方法，采用电感耦合等离子体光发射光谱仪（inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy，Perkin Elmer Optima 7300 DV）测定阳离子及痕量金属浓度。

## 数据库内容
数据文件（YFIR.csv）包含本次研究涉及河流的溶质浓度及采样时的径流量数据。数据文件各列依次为：
A. 采样日期
B. 采样时间
C. 径流量（立方英尺每秒，数据来源于美国地质调查局国家水信息系统（National Water Information System, NWIS））
D. 径流量（立方米每秒，由C列数值乘以0.02832换算得到）
E. 氯离子浓度（毫克每升）
F. 氟离子浓度（毫克每升）
G. 溴离子浓度（毫克每升）
H. 硫酸盐浓度（毫克每升）
I. 总碱度（以碳酸氢根计，毫克每升）
J. 氯离子通量（克每秒）
K. pH值（标准单位）
L. 比电导率（微西门子每厘米）
M. 水温（摄氏度）
N. 钙离子浓度（毫克每升）
O. 镁离子浓度（毫克每升）
P. 钠离子浓度（毫克每升）
Q. 钾离子浓度（毫克每升）
R. 铁浓度（毫克每升）
S. 二氧化硅浓度（毫克每升）
T. 硼浓度（毫克每升）
U. 铝浓度（毫克每升）
V. 锂浓度（毫克每升）
W. 锶浓度（毫克每升）
X. 钡浓度（毫克每升）
Y. 铷浓度（毫克每升）
Z. 锰浓度（毫克每升）
AA. 钼浓度（毫克每升）
AB. 铜浓度（毫克每升）
AC. 锌浓度（毫克每升）
AD. 镉浓度（毫克每升）
AE. 铬浓度（毫克每升）
AF. 钴浓度（毫克每升）
AG. 铅浓度（毫克每升）
AH. 镍浓度（毫克每升）
AI. 钒浓度（毫克每升）
AJ. 砷浓度（毫克每升）
AK. 锑浓度（毫克每升）

## 参考文献
Ball, J.W.、McCleskey, R.B. 及 Nordstrom, D.K., 2010, 怀俄明州黄石国家公园选定泉水、间歇泉及河流的水化学数据（2006-2008年）：美国地质调查局公开文件报告2010-1192，共109页。