Supplementary Material for: Men and Women’s Alcohol Consumption by 4- to 8-Year-Olds: A Longitudinal Investigation of Gendered Drinking Norms

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Evidence suggests an association between perceived alcohol-related norms and personal consumption. These perceptions develop over years of observation and exposure to alcohol, likely beginning in early childhood, and likely differing by sex. Understanding the early development of perceptions of drinking may provide insight into the development of gendered drinking practices. The aim of this study was to explore boys’ and girls’ perceptions about men and women’s alcohol consumption and whether and how these change over time as children age. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> 329 children (aged 4–6 years at baseline) completed the Dutch electronic Appropriate Beverage Task annually for three consecutive years (2015 [baseline], 2016, 2017). Regression models were used to examine whether perceptions of consumption varied as a function of the gender of the adult, the participants’ sex, and any changes over time. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In illustrated pictures, children perceived that men (39%) drank alcoholic beverages more often than women (24%). Men were perceived to drink alcohol more frequently than women at baseline and this difference increased with age. Girls were more likely to perceive men drinking at baseline (aged 4–6), but there were few sex differences by time point three (aged 6–8). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> From a young age, children perceive that men drink more than women. These perceptions strengthen as children grow older, with young girls perceiving these gender differences at earlier ages than boys. Understanding children’s perceptions of gendered drinking norms and their development over time can enable targeted prevention efforts.

引言：现有研究证据表明，个体感知到的酒精相关规范与其个人饮酒行为之间存在关联。此类认知经由多年的观察与酒精接触逐步形成，且大概率始于幼年阶段，同时可能因性别而异。探究饮酒认知的早期发展历程，或可为性别化饮酒行为模式的形成提供研究视角。本研究旨在探究儿童对男性与女性饮酒行为的认知，以及这类认知如何随儿童年龄增长而发生变化。研究方法：本研究共纳入329名儿童（基线测试时年龄为4~6岁），连续三年每年完成一次荷兰语电子适宜饮品任务（Appropriate Beverage Task），测试年份分别为2015年（基线）、2016年与2017年。本研究采用回归模型，检验饮酒认知是否会因成人性别、被试自身性别，以及随时间推移发生变化。研究结果：在图示任务中，儿童感知到男性（39%）饮用含酒精饮品的频率显著高于女性（24%）。基线测试阶段，儿童已认为男性饮酒频率高于女性，且这一性别差异随年龄增长进一步扩大。在基线年龄为4~6岁时，女孩相较于男孩更易感知到男性饮酒行为，但在第三时间点（年龄6~8岁）时，不同性别儿童的感知差异已不明显。讨论与结论：儿童在幼年时期便已形成"男性饮酒频率高于女性"的认知，且这一认知会随年龄增长不断强化；相较于男孩，女孩会在更早的年龄阶段便感知到这种性别差异。厘清儿童对性别化饮酒规范的认知及其随时间的发展轨迹，可为针对性的预防干预工作提供科学依据。