THE GREEN HORIZON: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS, CARBON ACCOUNTING METRICS, AND OPERATIONAL PROTOCOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING AND GREEN AUDITING

Amidst accelerating climate degradation, expanding carbon regulatory regimes, and shifting global capital flows, traditional accounting models have proven structurally inadequate to capture the true environmental externalities of corporate operations. This research paper explores the strategic and operational paradigms of Environmental Accounting and Green Auditing within the framework of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) directives. By evaluating the quantitative evaluation models of Carbon Asset Valuation, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol, and Environmental Capitalized Risk Models, this study provides a comprehensive operational framework for external auditors and corporate controllers. Integrating rigorous carbon expenditure measurement with advanced environmental risk screening processes enables oversight bodies to prevent fraudulent greenwashing practices, maintain internal balance sheet transparency, and assure compliance with international sustainability disclosures.