Dietary patterns, sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics among Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Inadequate dietary patterns in childhood and adolescence are a major risk factor for the early onset of obesity and other chronic diseases. Objectives: To identify and to analyze dietary patterns among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: Data from the Brazilian National School Health Survey (PeNSE) of 2015 were used (n = 10,926 adolescents). The identification and analyses of dietary patterns were calculated using principal component analysis and linear regression, respectively. Results: Two dietary patterns were identified. The first one was characterized by the presence of markers of unhealthy eating, and the second one by markers of healthy eating. The adherence to the unhealthy pattern was positively associated with female adolescents, which mothers had completed, at least, the elementary school, residents in developed regions and urban areas, as well as those students who usually chose to skip breakfast, to not have meals with their parents/guardians, and who usually had meals while watching TV/studying, and at fast food restaurants. Discussion: Analyses of the consumption of isolated food groups, which do not consider the diet in all its complexity, have been insufficient in explaining the main outcomes of the public health nutrition area. Conclusion: Our findings contributed to the identification of the most vulnerable population groups to unhealthy dietary patterns and to the understanding of the coexistence of different food habit determinants among adolescents.

摘要：
一、引言：儿童及青少年时期的不良饮食模式是肥胖及其他慢性病早发的主要危险因素。
二、研究目标：本研究旨在识别并分析巴西青少年的饮食模式。
三、研究方法：本研究采用巴西2015年全国学校健康调查（PeNSE）的数据，纳入10926名青少年作为研究对象。饮食模式的识别与分析分别通过主成分分析与线性回归完成。
四、研究结果：共识别出两类饮食模式：第一类以不健康饮食特征标志物为核心特征，第二类以健康饮食特征标志物为核心特征。不良饮食模式的依从性与女性青少年呈正相关，此类青少年的母亲至少完成初等教育，且居住在发达地区与城市区域；同时该类学生通常会跳过早餐、不与父母/监护人共同用餐、常在看电视或学习时进餐，且频繁光顾快餐店。
五、讨论：仅针对单一食物组摄入开展的分析未考量饮食整体的复杂性，因此不足以阐释公共卫生营养学领域的核心研究结局。
六、结论：本研究结果有助于明确受不健康饮食模式影响最大的易感人群群体，并加深了对青少年群体中多种饮食行为决定因素共存现象的认知。