(MaCoCo) Livelihoods dataset

Five experienced research assistants with a Master of Science in Social Science, fluent in English, Ndebele, and Shona conducted a household survey through interviews, key informant interviews (KIIs), and focus group discussions (FGDs). All research assistants attended a two-day orientation training session on the study objectives and expected outcomes. Prior to their use, all the study tools were piloted in similar urban settings. After piloting, the tools were appropriately revised to ensure their alignment with the pilot feedback and the research objectives.To assess the impact of COVID-19 on households, we conducted 20 household interviews in Harare and Bulawayo with equal representation of the three aforementioned economic strata. Household heads were interviewed to determine their socioeconomic characteristics. A topic guide was developed to explore the experiences of households during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on their perceptions of control measures, livelihoods, and access to social services such as health and education. Additionally, the guides asked about their coping strategies during the pandemic.To gain a broader community perspective, we conducted four FGDs with community members: two in Harare with 9 and 10 participants, and two in Bulawayo with 11 and 13 participants, respectively. Each FGD lasted between 2 two three hours, including a plenary discussion. The discussions were conducted in an open space while observing COVID-19 rules and regulations. Initially, using an FGD guide, all groups of participants were asked to discuss the following topics: the COVID-19 pandemic evolution in the country, policy implementation, livelihood experiences, and how they felt about pandemic management, in breakout groups of to 3-4 people for 60 minutes, guided by a research assistant. The summary of the breakout discussions were presented to a larger group to allow for corroboration.To understand the broader vulnerability context and transformative structures and processes, a total of 18 purposive in-depth KIIs in person or on Zoom lasting on average 1h were conducted with stakeholders, including community-based organizations (CBOs) (n=5), city health managers (n=5 from Harare City Health and n=3 from Bulawayo City Health), as well as national program managers and policymakers (n=5). The KIIs questions aimed to gather informants’ experiences and perspectives on COVID-19 and its control measures. They also explored issues related to access to health services and treatment during the pandemic, including policy formulation and implementation.<b>2.5 Data analysis</b>All interviews and FDGs were recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated from Shona or Ndebele to English, and transferred to NVivo14.23.3 (QSR International) (61) software version for analysis. In the field, notes were taken, and daily interview summaries were subsequently written to aid interpretation. Guided by the SULF framework, we conducted a hybrid deductive and inductive thematic analysis of data. The deductive aspect of the analysis involved using codes developed a priori from SULF. Among these deductively produced high-level codes, lower-level codes were inductively generated using content analysis. Pattern coding was used to identify patterns across and within the data sources. This allowed the condensation of data into fewer relevant analytical concepts. For validity, pattern coding was conducted by three experienced researchers who reviewed all transcripts and identified the descriptive codes through consensus. This analytical approach helped maintain a focus on the holistic livelihood impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on households.

五位拥有社会科学硕士学位、精通英语、恩德贝莱语（Ndebele）及修纳语（Shona）的资深研究助理，通过访谈、关键知情人访谈（Key Informant Interviews, KIIs）与焦点小组讨论（Focus Group Discussions, FGDs）开展家庭入户调查。所有研究助理均参与了为期两天的入职培训，内容涵盖本研究的目标与预期成果。正式使用前，所有研究工具已在相似城市环境中完成预调研。预调研结束后，根据反馈意见与研究目标对工具进行了适当修订，以确保二者匹配。

为评估新冠疫情对家庭的影响，我们在哈拉雷与布拉瓦约开展了20户家庭访谈，确保三类前述经济阶层的样本占比均衡。访谈对象为家庭户主，以收集其社会经济特征相关信息。研究团队制定了访谈提纲，用于探究家庭在新冠疫情期间的经历，重点关注其对防疫措施的认知、生计状况以及医疗、教育等社会服务的可及性，同时询问了疫情期间的应对策略。

为获取更全面的社区视角，我们共开展4场焦点小组讨论（FGDs）：哈拉雷2场，分别有9名、10名参与者；布拉瓦约2场，分别有11名、13名参与者。每场焦点小组讨论时长为2至3小时，包含全体会议环节。讨论在开放空间开展，全程严格遵守新冠疫情防控规定。研讨初始环节，依据焦点小组讨论提纲，所有参与者被分为3至4人的小组，由一名研究助理引导，围绕以下议题展开讨论：该国新冠疫情的发展态势、政策落实情况、生计经历以及对疫情防控工作的看法，小组讨论时长为60分钟。随后，各小组将讨论总结提交至全体会议，以实现观点的相互印证。

为深入了解更广泛的脆弱性环境及转型性结构与进程，我们针对利益相关方开展了18场目的性深度关键知情人访谈（KIIs），访谈形式为线下或Zoom线上会议，平均时长1小时。访谈对象包括：社区组织（Community-based Organizations, CBOs，n=5）、城市卫生管理人员（哈拉雷市卫生局5名、布拉瓦约市卫生局3名），以及国家级项目主管与政策制定者（n=5）。关键知情人访谈提纲旨在收集受访者对新冠疫情及其防控措施的经历与看法，同时探究疫情期间医疗服务与治疗可及性相关议题，包括政策制定与落实情况。

<b>2.5 数据分析</b>所有访谈与焦点小组讨论均进行录音，并逐字转录，随后从修纳语或恩德贝莱语翻译为英语，再导入NVivo14.23.3（QSR国际公司）软件进行分析。调研期间，研究人员同步撰写现场笔记，并每日整理访谈摘要以辅助后续解读。本研究基于SULF框架，采用演绎与归纳相结合的混合主题分析法对数据进行处理。其中演绎分析环节，使用预先基于SULF框架制定的编码体系；在这些演绎生成的高阶编码框架下，通过内容分析归纳生成低阶编码。研究采用模式编码法识别不同数据源内部及跨数据源的规律，从而将数据凝练为更少的相关分析概念。为确保研究效度，由三名资深研究人员共同开展模式编码工作，他们审阅全部转录文本并通过协商一致确定描述性编码。该分析方法有助于始终聚焦新冠疫情对家庭生计的整体性影响。