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Studying the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) evolution and its relationship with human civilization is of great scientific significance, as it can provide insights into the evolution of monsoon system as well as the interaction between ISM-driven climate changes and societal development. However, the historical evolution of the ISM and its influence on civilization on a centennial scale remains unclear. Here, we employed high-resolution (~19 yr) multi-indicator analysis (grain size, magnetic susceptibility, and loss on ignition) of Qionghai Lake core sediments to reconstruct the Holocene evolution history of the ISM climate and explore its potential driving mechanism, and further examine the influence of ISM variations on the development of human civilization. The results indicate three stages of ISM climate variations during the past 13.6 cal ka BP: strengthening ISM and increasingly humid climate before 8 cal ka BP; strong ISM and significantly humid climate between 8.0 and 3.0 cal ka BP, corresponding to the Holocene Climatic Optimum (HCO); weakening ISM and dry climate after 3.0 cal ka BP. Furthermore, our results indicate that the Holocene ISM climate was regulated by sub-orbital cycles, with a dominant ~2000-year (yr) quasi-periodic oscillation, linked to solar activity, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and sea-surface temperature (SST) variations, and a significant ~500-yr quasi-periodic oscillation in the mid-Holocene, associated with fluctuations in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ISM variations have influenced the development of prehistoric cultures since the mid-Holocene. From 6.0 to 3.0 cal ka BP, the strengthening of the ISM contributed to the prosperity of human cultures through increased precipitation, expanded agriculture, growing population and human activities. After 3.0 cal ka BP, despite a weakening of ISM, human activities became the dominant factor influencing the development of civilization.

研究印度夏季风（Indian Summer Monsoon, ISM）的演化及其与人类文明的关联具有重要科学价值，可为深入解析季风系统演化、印度夏季风驱动的气候变化与社会发展之间的相互作用提供依据。然而，百年尺度下印度夏季风的历史演化及其对文明的影响仍有待厘清。本研究通过对邛海湖芯沉积物开展高分辨率（约19年间隔）多指标分析——包括粒度、磁化率及烧失量——重建了全新世印度夏季风气候的演化历史，探讨了其潜在驱动机制，并进一步剖析了印度夏季风变化对人类文明发展的影响。研究结果显示，过去13.6 cal ka BP以来，印度夏季风气候演化可分为三个阶段：8.0 cal ka BP之前，印度夏季风逐渐增强，气候日趋湿润；8.0至3.0 cal ka BP期间，印度夏季风强盛，气候极度湿润，对应全新世气候最适宜期（Holocene Climatic Optimum, HCO）；3.0 cal ka BP之后，印度夏季风减弱，气候趋于干旱。此外，本研究结果表明，全新世印度夏季风气候受亚轨道周期调控：存在以约2000年为周期的主导准周期性振荡，该振荡与太阳活动、大西洋经向翻转环流（Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, AMOC）及海表温度（sea-surface temperature, SST）的变化相关；全新世中期还存在显著的约500年准周期性振荡，与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（El Niño-Southern Oscillation, ENSO）的波动密切关联。自全新世中期以来，印度夏季风变化便对史前文化的发展产生了影响：在6.0至3.0 cal ka BP期间，印度夏季风增强通过提升降水、扩张农业、增长人口及强化人类活动，推动了人类文化的繁荣；3.0 cal ka BP之后，尽管印度夏季风持续减弱，但人类活动成为影响文明发展的主导因素。