Eficiência técnica e desempenho econômico de produtores de leite no Estado do Ceará, Brasil

This study aims to evaluate the producers’ efficiency using measurements of technical and scope efficiencies and calculating indicators of economic performance for milk producers in the municipality of Sobral, Ceará, Brazil. The data type was primary gathered by applying questionnaires to 40 rural producers. The sample included only producers with a minimum yield around 15 liter/day, however yields below that level were consumed by the own farmers. The measurement of efficiency was determined for each one of the production units (Decision Making Unit – DMU), utilizing the technique of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Software DEAP v. 21, developed by Coelli (1996). First, the producers were separated according the degree of technical efficiency. After that, they were compared using economic indicators aiming to determine the magnitude of inefficiency performance (scores of efficiency lower than 0.9), which represented 67.5% of the sample. Therefore, the number of efficient producers was very low (32.5% of the sample). In general, the efficient producers showed better economic results. The negative net margin of inefficient producers indicated a serious crisis that they were suffering, which was confirmed by the disadvantageous relationship between the sale price of the product and the average cost of production.

本研究旨在通过测算技术效率与范围效率，并计算巴西塞阿拉州索布拉尔市奶牛养殖户的经济绩效指标，以评估养殖户的生产效率。本次研究的数据为一手调研数据，通过向40名农村养殖户发放问卷收集所得。样本仅纳入日均产奶量不低于15升的养殖户，而日均产奶量低于该标准的奶品则由养殖户自身消费。研究针对每个生产单元（决策单元（Decision Making Unit，DMU））开展效率测算，采用由科利（Coelli, 1996）开发的数据包络分析（Data Envelopment Analysis，DEA）技术及DEAP v.21软件完成。首先，根据技术效率水平对养殖户进行分组；随后，通过经济指标对其展开对比分析，以确定低效生产的绩效幅度（效率得分低于0.9），此类养殖户占样本总量的67.5%。因此，高效养殖户的占比极低，仅为样本总量的32.5%。总体而言，高效养殖户的经济表现更优。低效养殖户的净收益为负，表明其正面临严峻的经营危机，这一点可通过产品售价与平均生产成本之间的不利关系得到印证。