Data from: Failure to coordinate management in transboundary populations hinders the achievement of national management goals: the case of wolverines in Scandinavia

1. Large carnivores are expanding in Europe, and their return is
associated with conflicts that often result in policies to regulate their
population size through culling. Being wide-ranging species, their
populations are often distributed across several jurisdictions, which may
vary in the extent to which they use lethal control. This creates the
conditions for the establishment of source-sink dynamics across borders,
which may frustrate the ability of countries to reach their respective
management objectives. 2. To explore the consequences of this issue, we
constructed a vec-permutation projection model, applied to the case of
wolverines in south-central Scandinavia, shared between Norway (where they
are culled) and Sweden (where they are protected). We evaluated the effect
of compensatory immigration on wolverine population growth rates, and if
the effect was influenced by the distance to the national border. We
assessed to what extent compensatory immigration had an influence on the
number of removals needed to keep the population at a given growth rate.
3. In Norway the model estimated a stable trend, whereas in Sweden it
produced a 10% annual increase. The effect of compensatory immigration
corresponded to a 0.02 reduction in population growth rate in Sweden and
to a similar increase in Norway. This effect was stronger closer to the
Norwegian-Swedish border, but weak when moving away from it. An average of
33 wolverines were shot per year in the Norwegian part of the study area.
If no compensatory immigration from Sweden had occurred, 28 wolverines
shot per year would have been sufficient to achieve the same goal. About
15.5% of all the individuals harvested in Norway between 2005-2012 were
compensated for by immigrants, causing a decrease in population growth
rate in Sweden. 4. Synthesis and applications. When a population is
transboundary, the consequences of management decisions are also
transboundary, even though the political bodies in charge of those
decisions, the stakeholders who influence them, and the taxpayers who
finance them are not. It is important that managers and citizens be
informed that a difference in management goals can reduce the efficiency,
and increase the costs, of wildlife management.

1. 欧洲的大型食肉动物种群正处于扩张态势，其重返原生栖息地的过程往往伴随人兽冲突，进而催生了通过灭杀手段管控种群规模的相关政策。作为广布物种，这类动物的种群常跨越多个管辖区域分布，而不同管辖区域采用致死性管控的程度存在差异。这种情况为跨境源汇动态（source-sink dynamics）的形成创造了条件，可能会阻碍各国达成各自的野生动物管理目标。
2. 为探究该问题的影响，我们构建了向量置换投影模型（vec-permutation projection model），并将其应用于斯堪的纳维亚中南部的狼獾（wolverine）种群案例——该种群由挪威（对狼獾实施灭杀管控）与瑞典（对狼獾予以保护）共同管辖。我们评估了补偿性迁入对狼獾种群增长率的影响，以及该影响是否受与国界距离的调控。同时我们还分析了，为维持种群处于特定增长率水平，所需移除个体的数量在多大程度上受补偿性迁入的影响。
3. 模型预测挪威境内的狼獾种群呈现稳定趋势，而瑞典境内的种群则以每年10%的速率增长。补偿性迁入的影响表现为：瑞典的种群增长率下降0.02，挪威的种群增长率则出现类似幅度的上升。该影响在靠近挪瑞边境的区域更为显著，远离边境时则会减弱。研究区域的挪威部分每年平均有33只狼獾被射杀。若不存在来自瑞典的补偿性迁入，仅需每年射杀28只狼獾即可达成相同的管理目标。2005年至2012年间，挪威境内被猎捕移除的个体中，约有15.5%由迁入个体补充，这一情况导致瑞典的种群增长率出现下降。
4. 综合与应用。当种群具有跨境属性时，管理决策的影响同样具有跨境性——尽管负责决策的主管机构、影响决策的利益相关方以及为决策提供资金的纳税人并不具备跨境属性。管理者与公众应当知晓：管理目标的差异会降低野生动物管理的效率并提升管理成本，这一点至关重要。