Stacking of Layered Halide Perovskite from Incorporating a Diammonium Cation into Three-Dimensional Perovskites

Quasi two-dimensional (2D) layered perovskites have been
emerging
as promising candidates for photovoltaic cells because they exhibit
intrinsic stability and a higher tunability of optical properties
compared to three-dimensional (3D) perovskites. However, since most
2D perovskites have bulkier groups as an organic space group, they
will inevitably have a van der Waals gap between the inorganic layers
and their crystal growth directions orient in a lateral direction.
It also interrupts carrier transport across the conducting inorganic
layer in the solar cell. Here, we presents the new homologous 2D layered
perovskites, (HA)­(A)n−1PbnI3n+1, where HA stands
for the histammonium ((C5N3H11)2+) as a diammonium cation and A stands for methylammonium
(CH3NH3+) or formammonium (HC­(NH2)2+). Since the ditopic HA has a diammoinium
cation, it connects the inorganic slabs stacked in the vertical direction.
The inorganic layer is stacked on the other layer to form a layered
structure, which results in rigid and stable structures. These materials
(1.64 eV for (HA)­(FA)n−1PbnI3n+1 and 1.80
eV for (HA)­(MA)n−1PbnI3n+1) have significantly
lower band gaps than those of HAPbI4 (2.20 eV). Compared
to the pure 2D and 3D perovskites, these perovskites have a longer
electron lifetime due to the vertical crystal structure and show improved
environmental stability for perovskite solar cell application.