Flash Eurobarometer 428 (Businesses’ Attitudes Towards Corruption in the EU)

Attitudes of businesses towards corruption in the EU.<br>Topics: assessment of the following issues as a serious problem for the company’s activities in the own country: corruption, patronage and nepotism, complexity of administrative procedures, fast-changing legislation and policies, inadequate national infrastructure, lack of means or procedures to recover debt from others, restrictive labour regulations, tax rates, access to financing (including credits); participation of the company in a public tender or a public procurement procedure in the past three years; assessment of the possibility of corruption having prevented the company from winning a public tender or a public procurement contract in the last three years; estimation of the proportion of the company’s annual turnover coming from public tenders or public procurement procedures (in percent); reasons for not having taken part in a public tender or a public procurement procedure; minimum value at which respondent would consider a gift or a service to be a bribe; assessment of corruption in the own country as a widespread problem; estimated extent of the following practices in public procurement procedures in the own country: abuse of negotiated procedures, abuse of emergency grounds to justify use of non-competitive or fast-track procedures, involvement of bidders in the design of specifications, unclear selection or evaluation criteria, conflict of interests in the evaluation of bids, tailor-made specifications for particular companies, collusive bidding, amendments of contract terms after conclusion of the contract; estimated extent regarding corruption in public procurement in the own country managed by national and by regional or local authorities; contact of the company in the last twelve months with public authorities in order to obtain the following permits or services: building permits, business permits, change of land use, environmental permits, licence plates or permits related to vehicles, state aid and social, structural funds; demands for bribes from the company for the aforementioned permits or services in the own country; assessment of the most widespread practices in the own country: kickbacks, bribes, tax fraud or non-payment of VAT, offering free gifts or trips in exchange for a service, favouring friends and family members in business, funding political parties in exchange for public contracts or influence over policy making, favouring friends and family members in public institutions; approval of the following statements regarding corruption in the own country: too close links between business and politics lead to corruption, bribery and the use of connections is the easiest way to obtain certain public services, sufficient transparency and supervision of the funding of political parties, only way to succeed in business is to have political connections, favouritism and corruption hamper business competition, measures against corruption are applied impartially and without ulterior motives; estimated extent of bribery or the abuse of power for personal gain among politicians, party representatives or senior officials at national or at regional and local level; assessment of the likelihood for people or businesses engaging in corrupt practices in the own country to: be caught by or reported to the police or prosecutors, be heavily fined or imprisoned by a court; approval of the following statements: petty corruption is appropriately punished in the own country, bribing senior officials is appropriately punished in the own country.

Demography: information about the company: company size, number of employees; years of company activity; development of turnover in the last two years; total turnover in 2014.

Additionally coded was: respondent ID; country; NACE-Code; nation group; weighting factor.

本数据集聚焦欧盟企业对腐败的态度，调查主题涵盖以下内容：
1. 企业对本国经营中以下问题严重程度的评估：腐败、庇护与任人唯亲、行政手续繁杂、法律法规与政策频繁更迭、国家基础设施不足、缺乏向其他主体追讨债务的手段或程序、限制性劳动法规、税率水平、融资渠道（含信贷）；
2. 企业近三年参与公共招标（public tender）或公共采购（public procurement）的情况；
3. 评估近三年间腐败是否阻碍企业中标公共招标或公共采购合同；
4. 估算企业年度营业额中来自公共招标或公共采购的占比（单位：百分比）；
5. 企业未参与公共招标或公共采购流程的原因；
6. 受访者认定礼品或服务构成贿赂的最低价值阈值；
7. 对本国腐败状况为普遍问题的评估；
8. 估算本国公共采购流程中以下行为的盛行程度：滥用协商采购程序、以紧急事由为由采用非竞争性或快速通道程序、投标人参与采购规格制定、遴选或评标标准不明确、评标环节存在利益冲突、为特定企业量身定制采购规格、串通投标、合同签订后修改合同条款；
9. 估算本国由国家级、地区级或地方级政府管理的公共采购中腐败问题的严重程度；
10. 企业近12个月内为获取以下许可或服务与公共部门对接的情况：建筑许可、营业许可、土地用途变更许可、环境许可、车辆相关牌照或许可、国家援助及社会、结构性基金；
11. 企业在获取上述许可或服务过程中遭遇索贿的情况；
12. 对本国以下最常见腐败行为的评估：回扣、贿赂、税务欺诈或未缴纳增值税、以免费礼品或旅行为交换获取服务、商业活动中偏袒亲友、为获取公共合同或影响政策制定而资助政党、公共机构内偏袒亲友；
13. 对以下关于本国腐败的表述的认同度：企业与政界过从甚密会引发腐败、贿赂与动用关系是获取特定公共服务的最便捷途径、政治党派资金来源具备充分透明度与监督、企业成功的唯一途径是拥有政治人脉、偏袒与腐败阻碍商业竞争、反腐败措施公正实施且无别有用心的动机；
14. 估算国家级、地区级或地方级的政客、政党代表或高级官员中，为个人私利行贿或滥用职权的严重程度；
15. 评估本国从事腐败行为的个人或企业被警方或检察官查获、举报，以及被法院处以重罚或监禁的可能性；
16. 对以下表述的认同度：本国对小额腐败的处罚适当、本国对向高级官员行贿的处罚适当。

人口统计信息：涵盖企业相关数据，包括企业规模、员工数量、企业经营年限、近二年营业额变动情况、2014年总营业额。

另有额外编码字段：受访者编号、所属国家、NACE分类编码（NACE-Code）、国家组别、权重因子。