Glacier Mass Balance of Kesselwandferner, Oetztal Alps, Austria, from 1952/53-2010/11

Project: Glacier monitoring data of Austria - Glaciers are the most visible indicators of global change. Mass balance data allow the calculation of the past and current contributions of land ice to the sea level change. Additionally, glaciological data are used to reconstruct former climate states and complement other climate proxies for the holocene. Since the instrumental climate data are biased towards low altitudes, glacier data offer an archive of high mountain climate that is subject to strong gradients and improve our knowledge on climate to remote regions during the instrumental period. For the development of forward and inverse models, the understanding of the glacier-climate relation is essential. Thus the relationships between different types of glaciological data measured worldwide must be studied on benchmark glaciers, where all kinds of glacier and climate data are available. In Austria, glacier mass balance is measured at Goldbergkees, Hallstaetter Gletscher, Hintereisferner, Jamtalferner Kesselwandferner, Kleinfleisskees, Mullwitzkees, Pasterzenkees, Stubacher Sonnblickkees, Vernagtferner, and Wurtenkees. Records on glacier length are available from 1891, currently more than 100 glaciers are surveyed. Glacier inventory data is available for 1969, and 1998. The project homepages are located at e.g. http://imgi.uibk.ac.at and http://www.zamg.ac.at . Political ideas: European and Austrian laws include the obligation for the authorities to survey the hydrological parameters. Project funders for mass balanace Hintereisferner, Kesselwandferner, Jamtalferner, Hallstaetter Gletscher and Mullwitzkees and glacier length changes: Amt der Oberoesterreichischen Landesregierung Austrian Alpine Club Energie AG Hydrographischer Dienst der Abteilung Wasserwirtschaft des Amtes der Tiroler Landesregierung Nationalpark Hohe Tauern Kommission fuer Geophysikalische Forschungen der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Summary: The data represent annual values of the glacier mass balance measured with the direct glaciological method. The mass balance is calculated from ablation of ice and accumulation of snow measured at about 10 to 20 stakes for the mass balance year from 1 October to 30 September of the following year. The data comprises the glacier area, the net mass balance for the total glacier area as well as specified for the ablation and accumulation area, the altitude of the equilibrium line (ELA) and the specific mass balance.

项目：奥地利冰川监测数据集
冰川是全球变化最直观的表征指标。冰川质量平衡数据可用于计算陆地冰过去与当前对海平面变化的贡献量。此外，冰川学数据可用于重建古气候状态，并作为全新世其他气候代用资料的补充。由于器测气候数据多偏向低海拔区域，冰川数据则提供了受强烈梯度影响的高海拔山地气候档案，可提升我们对器测时期偏远区域气候的认知水平。无论是正演与反演模型的研发，明晰冰川与气候的关联均为核心前提。因此，需在各类冰川与气候数据均完备的基准冰川上，开展全球范围内不同冰川学观测数据间关联关系的研究。
在奥地利，针对以下冰川开展了冰川质量平衡观测：Goldbergkees、Hallstaetter Gletscher、Hintereisferner、Jamtalferner Kesselwandferner、Kleinfleisskees、Mullwitzkees、Pasterzenkees、Stubacher Sonnblickkees、Vernagtferner及Wurtenkees。冰川长度观测记录始于1891年，目前已有超过100条冰川纳入监测范围。冰川普查数据分别覆盖1969年与1998年两个时段。本项目的官方主页包括：http://imgi.uibk.ac.at 与 http://www.zamg.ac.at。
政策依据：欧盟与奥地利相关法律规定，相关主管部门需开展水文参数监测工作。针对Hintereisferner、Kesselwandferner、Jamtalferner、Hallstaetter Gletscher及Mullwitzkees的质量平衡观测与冰川长度变化监测项目的资助方包括：Amt der Oberoesterreichischen Landesregierung、奥地利阿尔卑斯俱乐部（Austrian Alpine Club）、Energie AG、Hydrographischer Dienst der Abteilung Wasserwirtschaft des Amtes der Tiroler Landesregierung、Nationalpark Hohe Tauern、Kommission fuer Geophysikalische Forschungen der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften。
数据集概况：本数据集包含采用直接冰川学方法获取的年度冰川质量平衡数据。质量平衡的计算基于质量平衡年度（即当年10月1日至次年9月30日）内，约10至20根测杆所测得的冰消融量与积雪积累量。数据集涵盖冰川总面积、全冰川净质量平衡以及消融区与积累区的分区质量平衡、平衡线海拔（Equilibrium Line Altitude, ELA）以及比质量平衡。