Analysis of the Foreign Policies of Major Powers in Dealing with Climate Change: A Comparative Approach

This paper provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the foreign policies of major powers — the United States, China, the European Union (EU), and Russia — in addressing climate change. The study aims to identify patterns, similarities, and differences in these powers' strategies, goals, and actions by employing a multi-theoretical framework that incorporates realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Using a qualitative methodology that includes content analysis, discourse analysis, and comparative policy analysis, the research draws on a diverse range of data sources, including policy documents, official statements, and international agreements.The findings reveal that while all four major powers recognize the need for international cooperation on climate change, their approaches differ significantly due to national interests, economic priorities, political ideologies, and geopolitical considerations. The EU positions itself as a global leader advocating for ambitious climate actions, the U.S. exhibits fluctuating commitments influenced by domestic politics, China balances its developmental goals with climate responsibilities, and Russia maintains a more conservative stance prioritizing economic protection. The study contributes to the field by offering a nuanced understanding of the interplay between national interests and global climate objectives, highlighting the potential for both cooperation and conflict in global climate governance. The paper concludes with policy recommendations and suggestions for future research to further explore the complexities of international climate relations.