A new quality management perspective for biodiversity conservation and research: Investigating Biospecimen Reporting for Improved Study Quality (BRISQ) and the Standard PRE-analytical Code (SPREC) using Natural History Museum and culture collections as case studies

The aims of this paper are to debate and raise awareness about the use of systematic, interconnected approaches for biodiversity collection curation by exploring the multi-disciplinary relevance of quality management tools developed by clinical biobanks. An appraisal of their best practices indicated the need for improved sample and process chain annotation as a significant number of historical collections used in medical research were of inadequate quality. This stimulated the creation of a new discipline, biospecimen science to develop quality management tools for clinical biobanks, two of which, Biospecimen Reporting for Improved Study Quality (BRISQ) and the Standard PRE-analytical Code (SPREC) report critical information about samples and process chain variables. Unprecedented advances in molecular-genetic and <i>in silico</i> technologies applied across the tree of life require international conservation networks to generate and share knowledge. This is used in biodiversity and systematics research, and to address the accelerating loss of species, including the sustainable use of bioresources. This review investigates the application of BRISQ and SPREC for biodiversity research and conservation using natural history, museum and living culture collections as case studies. The distinction between preservation and conservation is discussed with regard to process and storage treatments and how they impact on the usability of biospecimens and cultures. We conclude: (i) more rigorous approaches are needed for the quality management of biospecimens, bioresources and their associated sample and processing data to assure their fitness-for-purpose; and (ii) biospecimen science tools developed by clinical biobanks can be adapted to future-proof the quality of biodiversity collections and the reliability of molecular data generated from their use.

本研究旨在探讨并提升学界对系统互联方法在生物多样性馆藏编目应用的认知，通过挖掘临床生物样本库开发的质量管理工具的多学科应用价值展开论述。
对其最佳实践的评估显示，由于大量用于医学研究的历史馆藏样本质量欠佳，亟需优化样本与流程链注释工作。这一需求推动了生物样本科学这一新学科的创立，旨在为临床生物样本库开发质量管理工具，其中两项工具——样本报告优化研究质量规范（Biospecimen Reporting for Improved Study Quality, BRISQ）与标准分析前操作规范（Standard PRE-analytical Code, SPREC）——可提供样本及流程链变量的关键信息。
覆盖整个生命之树的分子遗传与计算机模拟（in silico）技术取得了空前进展，这要求国际保护网络开展知识生成与共享工作。此类知识可应用于生物多样性与系统学研究，并助力应对物种加速丧失问题，包括实现生物资源的可持续利用。
本综述以自然历史、博物馆及活体培养馆藏为案例研究对象，探讨了BRISQ与SPREC在生物多样性研究及保护中的应用。
本文还就处理与存储方式及其对生物样本及培养物可用性的影响，讨论了保存与保护之间的区别。
最终得出以下结论：（1）需采用更严谨的方法开展生物样本、生物资源及其关联样本与处理数据的质量管理，以确保其适用性；（2）临床生物样本库开发的生物样本科学工具可被改造适配，从而保障生物多样性馆藏的长期质量，以及基于此类馆藏生成的分子数据的可靠性。