Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Changes in Proteomes and Glycated/Glycosylated Proteomes of Human Colostrum

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
not only has a bad effect on
the development of infants but also causes variations in breastmilk
composition. This study aims to investigate the changes in the protein
profile of colostrum between mothers with GDM and healthy mothers
(H) by sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical fragment
ion proteomics techniques. A total of 1295 proteins were detected,
with 192 proteins being significantly different between GDM and H.
These significantly different proteins were enriched with the carbohydrate
and lipid metabolism pathway as well as immunity. Some proteins had
an AOC value of 1, such as apolipoprotein E and lipoprotein lipase.
In addition, we identified 42 glycated and 93 glycosylated peptides
in colostrum without any enrichment, with glycated peptides being
upregulated and glycosylated peptides being downregulated in colostrum
with GDM. These results help us to better understand the GDM-induced
changes in proteomes and glycated and glycosylated level and provide
guidance on infant formula adjustment for infants from mothers with
GDM.