Multivariable regression analyses showing changes in outcomes (and 95% confidence intervals) at follow-up (23–27 y) per quartile of formula/cow's milk intake at 10 days, 6 weeks and 3 months during infancy*.

Model 1: adjusted for age at follow-up, gender, intervention group.Model 2: as model 1 plus adjustment for z-score of birth weight, father's social class, lifetime smoking, alcohol intake and exercise.1Insulin Sensitivity Index whilst fasting = 104/(I0×G0).2Corrected Insulin Response at 30 minutes = 100×I30/(G30×(G30−70).†Outcomes were natural-log transformed, and coefficients and confidence intervals represent a change in ratio of geometric means per quartile of formula/cows' milk intake.*Reference category is those in the lowest quartile of infant formula/cow's milk intake, amongst those who received infant formula/cow's milk.