Supplementary material for paper: "Exploring the Correlation between Emotions and Uncertainty in Daily Travel"

<em>*Mervyn Franssen and Rutger Verstegen share an equal contribution to this publication.</em><br><strong>Introduction</strong>Our mental state influences how we behave in and interact with the everyday world. Both uncertainty and emotions can alter our mental state and, thus, our behaviour. Although the relationship between uncertainty and emotions has been studied, research into this relationship in the context of daily travel is lacking. Emotions may influence uncertainty, just like uncertainty could trigger emotional responses. In this paper, a study is presented that explores the relationship between uncertainty and emotional states in the context of daily travel. Using a diary study method with 25 participants, emotions and uncertainty that are experienced during daily travel while using multiple modes of transport, were tracked for a period of 14 days. Diary studies allowed us to gain detailed insights and reflections on the emotions and uncertainty that participants experienced during their day-to-day travels. The diary allowed the participants to record their time-sensitive experiences in their relevant context over a longer period. These daily logs were made by the participants in the m-Path application. Participants logged their daily transportation modes, their emotions using the Geneva Emotion Wheel, and the uncertainty that they experienced while travelling. Results show that emotions and uncertainty influence one another simultaneously, with no clear causality. Specifically, this study observed a significant correlation between negative valence emotions (disappointment and fear) and uncertainty, which emphasises the importance of uncertainty and the management of negative valence emotions in travel experiences.<br><strong>Procedure</strong>All participants signed an informed consent prior to their participation. The study was executed fully digitally, not requiring participants to come to a physical location. This study started with the installation of the m-Path application on participants’ devices. This application allowed for sending participants notifications reminding them to fill out the questionnaires and subsequently offered a platform to show questionnaires directly on their mobile phones. All participants received a guide with instructions on questionnaire reporting, to provide consistency.<br>During the first day, participants filled out a demographic questionnaire. Next to basic demographics, we also measured how often participants considered they experienced emotions from the GEW and uncertainty during their day-to-day lives. The ‘none’ option of the GEW was created as a separate option that participants could select.<br>For the following 14 days, participants were instructed to complete a questionnaire after each time they completed a travel. The participants were instructed that it was preferred to report directly after travelling, but in case this was not possible, reporting later on the same day was allowed. For the purpose of this research, travelling was defined as "moving between two different places for at least 5 minutes of movement". Participants reported their travel goal, mode of transport, duration, level of uncertainty, and level of emotions from the GEW. Levels of the emotions and uncertainty were recorded on a 7-point Likert scale. Numerical values were not shown on the Likert scale to aim to avoid skewing uncertainty data with an approach focussed on numbers. For each experienced emotion, participants could select if their (lack of) uncertainty did (not) influence the emotion, and if the emotion did (not) influence their lack of uncertainty. Participants were instructed to report all emotions and uncertainty they experienced during their travel. At the end of each travel entry, participants had the opportunity to add remarks. Each day, participants received questionnaire reminders at 9:30, 12:30, and 17:30 in the form of a questionnaire notification. Upon opening the m-Path application, participants could create a new travel entry at any time, to not limit them from their regular travel schedule and keep flexibility in reporting opportunities.<br>After recording their daily travel experiences for 14 days, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their influence of uncertainty on emotions, and their influence of emotions on uncertainty during the study period. As a token of appreciation, participants who completed the study received a 10-euro gift voucher for their participation. This study procedure was approved by the Ethical Review Board of the Eindhoven University of Technology.

<em>*Mervyn Franssen与Rutger Verstegen对本出版物贡献均等。</em><br><strong>引言</strong>我们的心理状态会影响自身在日常世界中的行为模式与互动方式。不确定性与情绪均可改变心理状态，进而影响行为表现。尽管学界已针对不确定性与情绪的关联开展了相关研究，但针对日常出行场景下二者关系的探索仍存在空白。情绪可能对不确定性产生影响，正如不确定性也可能触发情绪反应。本文呈现了一项探索日常出行场景下不确定性与情绪状态之间关联的研究。本研究采用日记研究法，招募25名参与者，对其使用多种交通方式进行日常出行时所体验到的情绪与不确定性展开了为期14天的追踪记录。日记研究法能够让我们深入了解并反思参与者在日常出行过程中所经历的情绪与不确定性。参与者可通过日记在较长周期内，结合具体场景记录下具有时间敏感性的出行体验。这些日常日志均通过m-Path应用完成填写。参与者需在该应用中记录每日的交通方式、使用日内瓦情绪轮（Geneva Emotion Wheel）评定自身情绪，并标注出行过程中感受到的不确定性程度。研究结果表明，情绪与不确定性会同时相互影响，二者间并未呈现明确的因果关系。具体而言，本研究观察到负效价情绪（失望与恐惧）与不确定性之间存在显著相关性，这凸显了出行体验中不确定性与负效价情绪管理的重要性。<br><strong>实验流程</strong>所有参与者在参与研究前均签署了知情同意书。本研究全程以数字化方式开展，无需参与者前往线下场地。研究首先要求参与者在其设备上安装m-Path应用，该应用可向参与者发送提醒通知，督促其填写问卷，并提供可直接在手机上展示问卷的平台。所有参与者均收到了一份问卷填写指南，以确保报告流程的一致性。研究首日，参与者需填写人口统计学问卷。除基础人口信息外，研究还测量了参与者自评在日常生活中体验日内瓦情绪轮所列情绪及不确定性的频率。日内瓦情绪轮的“无”选项被单独设置为参与者可选择的条目。在随后的14天内，参与者需在每次出行结束后填写一份问卷。研究要求参与者优先在出行结束后立即进行报告，若无法及时完成，可在当日晚些时候补填。本研究中，出行被定义为“在两个不同地点之间移动且移动时长至少为5分钟”。参与者需报告本次出行的目的、交通方式、时长、不确定性程度以及通过日内瓦情绪轮评定的情绪状态。情绪与不确定性的程度均通过7点李克特量表（7-point Likert scale）进行记录。为避免因聚焦数字的方式导致不确定性数据出现偏倚，李克特量表上未标注具体数值。针对每一种体验到的情绪，参与者可选择不确定性的有无是否影响了该情绪，以及该情绪是否影响了不确定性的有无。参与者需报告出行过程中所体验到的全部情绪与不确定性。在每条出行记录的末尾，参与者可添加备注。每日9:30、12:30及17:30，参与者将收到来自m-Path应用的问卷提醒通知。打开该应用后，参与者可随时创建新的出行记录，这既不会干扰其日常出行安排，也为报告提供了灵活性。在完成14天的日常出行记录后，参与者需完成一份问卷，评估研究期间不确定性对情绪的影响以及情绪对不确定性的影响。作为参与研究的答谢，完成全部研究流程的参与者将获得10欧元的礼品券。本研究流程已通过埃因霍温理工大学（Eindhoven University of Technology）伦理审查委员会的批准。