Product and process innovation

The Community Innovation Survey (CIS) is a survey of innovation activity in enterprises. The harmonised survey is designed to provide information on the innovativeness of sectors by type of enterprises, on the different types of innovation and on various aspects of the development of an innovation, such as the objectives, the sources of information, the public funding or the expenditures. The CIS provides statistics broke down by countries, type of innovators, economic activities and size classes. The survey is currently carried out every two years across the European Union, some EFTA countries and EU candidate countries. In order to ensure comparability across countries, Eurostat, in close cooperation with the countries, has developed a standard core questionnaire starting with the CIS3 data collection, along with an accompanying set of definitions and methodological recommendations. The concepts and underlying methodology of the CIS are also based on the Oslo Manual — second edition of 1997 and third edition of 2005 (see link at the bottom of the page). Up to CIS 2010, CIS results were collected under Commission Regulation (EC) No 1450/2004. A new Regulation will apply from CIS 2012 (EC No 995/2012). The data presented in these tables refer to enterprises with ‘10 employees or more’ active in the sectors to be covered under the Regulation (cf. NACE CORE). Further activities may be covered on a voluntary basis. Most statistics are based on a reference period of three years, but some use one calendar year. Since CIS 2008, the survey has included an ad-hoc module. It consists of a set of questions focusing on a special theme. The themes are different in each survey wave, allowing data to be obtained on specific issues beyond the data usually collected. Overview over time: Initially, the CIS data collection was carried out every four years. The first collection (CIS Light) was launched in 1993 as a pilot exercise and the second (CIS2) was carried out in 1997/1998 for most countries except Greece and Ireland, where it was launched in 1999. The third survey (CIS3) was conducted in 2000/2001 for most participating countries with the exception of Norway, Iceland, Luxembourg and Greece, where it was launched in 2002. As from 2004, the survey has been carried out every two years. CIS4 was conducted in the 25 EU Member States (as for 2004), Iceland, Norway, Bulgaria and Romania. The survey was launched in 2005 with a three-year reference period 2002 to 2004 for most indicators. The fifth survey CIS 2006 was carried out in all 25 EU Member States (as for 2006), Norway, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia and Turkey. It was launched in 2007, mostly for the reference period 2004 to 2006. As regards CIS 2008, 26 Member States (all except Greece), Iceland, Norway, Croatia and Turkey took part in the survey. CIS 2008 was launched in 2009 with a three-year reference period 2006 to 2008 for most indicators. Changes were made to the CIS 2008 questionnaire to bring it into line with the third revision of the Oslo Manual, 2005 edition, by giving greater weight to organisational and marketing innovation. CIS 2008 was complemented by an ad-hoc module on innovation with environmental benefits. The seventh Community Innovation Survey, CIS 2010, had 31 participating countries (all the EU 27 Member States (except Greece), Iceland, Norway, Croatia, Serbia and Turkey) and reported most results for the reference period 2008-2010. CIS 2010 also follows the recommendations of the Oslo Manual and reports indicators on four types of innovation: product, process, organisational and marketing. However, despite implementation of the recommendations of the third edition of the Oslo Manual, the question on innovation expenditures is still limited to product and process innovation in order to maintain continuity with earlier versions of the CIS. Furthermore, generally fewer questions are asked about organisational and marketing innovation than about product and process innovation. While the European innovation statistics use the aggregated national data, the microdata sets can be accessed by researchers via the SAFE Centre of Eurostat in Luxembourg or via the microdata on CD-ROM releases in more anonymised form; some countries also provide access to their micro-data at similar safe centres.社区创新调查（Community Innovation Survey，以下简称CIS）是针对企业创新活动开展的专项调研。该标准化统一调研旨在按企业类型划分行业的创新活跃度、不同类型的创新活动，以及创新发展的多维度特征，包括创新目标、信息来源、公共资助情况与创新投入等。 CIS可按国家、创新主体类型、经济活动类别与企业规模层级进行统计细分。目前，该调研每两年在欧盟、部分欧洲自由贸易联盟（European Free Trade Association，简称EFTA）国家及欧盟候选国开展。 为保障各国统计数据的可比性，欧盟统计局（Eurostat）联合各参与国制定了标准核心问卷，自CIS3数据采集阶段起启用，并配套出台了相关定义与方法论指南。CIS的核心概念与底层方法论同样基于《奥斯陆手册》（Oslo Manual）——1997年第二版与2005年第三版（详见页面底部链接）。 截至CIS 2010调研，CIS数据均依据《欧盟委员会第1450/2004号条例》（EC No 1450/2004）进行采集。自CIS 2012起，将启用新的《欧盟委员会第995/2012号条例》（EC No 995/2012）。 本表格展示的数据为符合本条例覆盖行业范畴、雇员人数≥10人的活跃企业（详见NACE CORE）。其余活动可自愿纳入统计范畴。多数统计指标以三年为参考周期，部分指标则采用单自然年作为参考周期。 自CIS 2008起，调研增设了特设模块。该模块包含针对特定主题的一系列问题，每一轮调研的主题各不相同，可用于采集常规调研范畴之外的特定议题数据。 调研时序概览： 早期CIS数据采集每四年开展一轮。首轮调研（CIS Light）于1993年启动，作为试点项目；第二轮调研（CIS2）于1997-1998年在多数成员国开展，希腊与爱尔兰则于1999年启动该轮调研。第三轮调研（CIS3）于2000-2001年在多数参与国开展，挪威、冰岛、卢森堡与希腊除外，上述四国于2002年启动该轮调研。 自2004年起，调研改为每两年开展一次。 CIS4调研覆盖2004年的25个欧盟成员国、冰岛、挪威、保加利亚与罗马尼亚。该轮调研于2005年启动，多数指标的参考周期为2002至2004年。 第五轮调研CIS 2006覆盖2006年的全部25个欧盟成员国、挪威、保加利亚、罗马尼亚、克罗地亚与土耳其。该轮调研于2007年启动，多数指标的参考周期为2004至2006年。 关于CIS 2008调研，共有26个欧盟成员国（除希腊外全部成员国）、冰岛、挪威、克罗地亚与土耳其参与。该轮调研于2009年启动，多数指标的参考周期为2006至2008年。为契合《奥斯陆手册》2005年第三版修订内容，CIS 2008问卷进行了调整，加大了组织创新与营销创新相关内容的权重。此外，CIS 2008增设了关于具有环境效益的创新的特设模块。 第七轮社区创新调查CIS 2010共有31个参与国，包括全部27个欧盟成员国（除希腊外）、冰岛、挪威、克罗地亚、塞尔维亚与土耳其，多数指标的参考周期为2008至2010年。CIS 2010同样遵循《奥斯陆手册》的相关指南，涵盖四类创新指标：产品创新、流程创新、组织创新与营销创新。 不过，尽管已采用《奥斯陆手册》第三版的相关指南，为保持与CIS早期版本的统计连续性，创新投入相关问题仍仅覆盖产品创新与流程创新。此外，相较于产品与流程创新，调研中关于组织创新与营销创新的问题数量普遍更少。 欧盟创新统计数据采用汇总后的国家级数据，研究人员可通过位于卢森堡的欧盟统计局安全数据中心（SAFE Centre）获取微观数据集，或通过光盘版发布的高度匿名化微观数据获取相关信息；部分国家也可通过本国同类安全数据中心获取微观数据。