Prediction of Potential Risk for Flupyradifurone and Its Transformation Products to Hydrobionts

Flupyradifurone (FPF) is considered the latest generation of neonicotinoid insecticides. Here, we investigated the toxicity and ecological risk of FPF and its aerobic transformation products (TPs) to aquatic species using the method of prediction. We found that FPF exhibited moderate or high toxicity to some aquatic species. The 5% hazardous concentration of FPF was 3.84 μg/L for aquatic organisms. We obtained 91 aerobic TPs for FPF, and almost half of FPF TPs exhibited toxicity to fish or Daphnia. Eleven of the TPs of FPF exhibited a high or moderate risk to aquatic ecosystems. All FPF TPs with high and moderate risks contained a 6-chloropyridine ring structure, indicating that the derivant of a pyridine ring exhibits potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. Our results provide insight into the potential risk of FPF to aquatic ecosystems and could be used to help set criteria to control pollution caused by FPF.