The Roosevelt Community Development Study, Number 14, Volume 1: Stone and Shell Artifacts

The Roosevelt Community Development Study (RCD) involved the testing and excavation of 27 sites in the Lower Tonto Basin of central Arizona. This is one of three related data recovery projects undertaken in the Tonto Basin for the Bureau of Reclamation prior to the raising of the Roosevelt Lake dam. The results of the RCD project are presented in four Anthropological Papers of the Center for Desert Archaeology: Anthropological Papers No. 12 is the research design; Anthropological Papers No. 13 (two volumes) contains background information and the site descriptions; Anthropological Papers No. 14 (three volumes) includes the artifact and environmental analyses; and Anthropological Papers No. 15 presents the synthesis and conclusions.

The project was situated within the Tonto National Forest and covered a four-mile, continuous area along the north bank of the Salt River. Sites within the project area exhibited a great range of functional, temporal, and, possibly, cultural diversity. These sites included two with platform mounds (the Meddler Point and Pyramid Point sites), a 100-room masonry pueblo (the Griffin Wash site), smaller masonry compounds (e.g., the Porcupine site), and pithouse hamlets and farmsteads (e.g., the Hedge Apple and Eagle Ridge sites). Temporal components ranged from the Early Ceramic period (A.D. 100...600) at Locus B of the Eagle Ridge site, through the Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1250-1350) of the Classic period. The Early Ceramic component of the Eagle Ridge site is now the earliest documented ceramic period site in the Tonto Basin and provides definitive evidence for an indigenous ceramic-using population. The project area was the most intensively inhabited during the Roosevelt phase, when platform mounds, large pueblos, and small masonry compounds were occupied. Architectural and artifact variability suggest the presence of several different cultural groups co-residing in the Tonto Basin at this time. The RCD project area was largely abandoned by A.D. 1325, prior to the large-scale aggregation that occurred during the Gila phase; very few Gila Polychrome sherds were recovered from project area sites.

The mandate of the RCD project, as specified by the Bureau of Reclamation, was to investigate the temporal and developmental sequence of the prehistoric populations within this area. To meet these goals, six sites were intensively examined through full-scale excavation, and an extensive data set was gathered from the remaining 21 sites.

The three volumes in Anthropological Papers No. 14 present the artifact and environmental analyses. More than 150,000 artifacts were recovered from the RCD excavations. This volume (Volume 1) includes analyses of the chipped stone (Chapter 1), ground stone (Chapter 2), jewelry and personal ornament (Chapter 3), and shell (Chapter 4) assemblages. The ceramic artifact assemblage is examined in Volume 2, and Volume 3 presents an analysis of the paleobotanical and osteological data. More specific information on the individual sites and the project background can be found in Anthropological Papers No. 13. Anthropological Papers No. 15 integrates and synthesizes these data to provide a more inclusive view of the prehistoric occupation of the RCD project area and the Tonto Basin.

罗斯福社区发展研究（Roosevelt Community Development Study, RCD）对亚利桑那州中部下通托盆地的27处遗址开展了调查与发掘。本项目是垦务局（Bureau of Reclamation）为罗斯福湖大坝加高工程在通托盆地实施的三项相关数据抢救项目之一。RCD项目的研究成果收录于《沙漠考古中心人类学论文集》（Anthropological Papers of the Center for Desert Archaeology）的四部专刊中：第12号专刊为研究设计；第13号专刊（上下两卷）包含项目背景信息与遗址描述；第14号专刊（三卷本）涵盖人工制品与环境分析；第15号专刊则呈现综合研究与结论。

本项目位于通托国家森林（Tonto National Forest）范围内，沿盐河（Salt River）北岸覆盖了一片连续的4英里区域。项目区内的遗址展现出丰富的功能、年代与文化多样性，其中包括2处台基丘（platform mound）遗址（梅德勒角遗址与金字塔角遗址）、1处拥有100间房的石砌普韦布洛（pueblo）村落（格里芬沃什遗址）、小型石砌院落（如豪猪遗址），以及半地穴式村落与农庄（如桑橙遗址与鹰岭遗址）。年代序列涵盖从鹰岭遗址B点的早期陶器期（公元100年—600年），到古典期的罗斯福阶段（公元1250年—1350年）。鹰岭遗址的早期陶器期遗存是目前通托盆地有记录的最早陶器期遗址，为本土制陶人群的存在提供了确凿证据。罗斯福期是本项目区域人口最为密集的时期，当时台基丘、大型普韦布洛村落与小型石砌院落均有人类居住。建筑与人工制品的差异表明，彼时通托盆地内有多个不同文化群体共同居住。RCD项目区域已于公元1325年左右基本废弃，早于吉拉期（Gila phase）出现的大规模聚居现象；项目区内遗址仅出土了极少量吉拉彩绘陶（Gila Polychrome）碎片。

根据垦务局的要求，RCD项目的任务是探究本区域史前人群的年代与发展序列。为达成上述研究目标，团队对6处遗址开展了全面发掘与深入研究，并从剩余21处遗址中收集了海量数据集。

《沙漠考古中心人类学论文集》第14号专刊的三卷本涵盖了人工制品与环境分析。RCD发掘工作共出土超过15万件人工制品。第一卷包含打制石器（第1章）、磨制石器（第2章）、首饰与个人装饰品（第3章）以及贝壳器（第4章）的组合分析。第二卷对陶瓷人工制品组合进行研究，第三卷则呈现古植物与骨学考古数据分析。有关单个遗址与项目背景的更详细信息可参阅第13号专刊。第15号专刊对上述数据进行整合与综合分析，为RCD项目区域及通托盆地的史前居住情况提供了更全面的认知。