Data from: Responses of the collared flycatcher to the changing climate: a comprehensive view

Global climate change involves various aspects of climate, including precipitation changes and declining surface wind speeds, but studies investigating biological responses have mainly focused on the impacts of rising temperatures. Additionally, related studies on bird reproduction often focus on breeding onset, even though the sensitivity of a species can vary among different breeding components influenced by diverse weather aspects. We used an almost four-decade-long data set to investigate how the different aspects of breeding parameters of a collared flycatcher (<i>Ficedula albicollis</i>) population in the Carpathian Basin were associated with various local weather parameters. We also investigated the temporal trends of weather and breeding parameters. Higher temperatures and lower wind speeds were accompanied by earlier breeding onset. Breeding season length correlated positively with rains and negatively with the magnitude of within-season temperature rise. Hatching delay increased with cooler temperatures and rainier weather. Clutch size increased with the number of cool days. There were significant temporal trends in all breeding variables and, in parallel, the related weather parameters. For example, an advance in breeding onset and a decrease in wind speed were observed. The phenological mismatch between prey availability and breeding has notably increased in the last decade. Our results highlight the intricate interplay between climate change and the reproductive patterns of migratory birds, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach. It also underscores the potential threats posed by climate change to bird populations and the importance of adaptive responses to changing environmental conditions.

全球气候变化涵盖气候系统的多个维度，包括降水变化与近地面风速下降，但现有探究生物响应的研究多聚焦于气温上升的影响。此外，针对鸟类繁殖的相关研究往往仅关注繁殖起始时间（breeding onset），尽管物种对气候的敏感性会因不同繁殖组分而异，而这些组分又受多种天气要素的调控。本研究依托近四十年的长期数据集，探究喀尔巴阡盆地内斑姬鹟（collared flycatcher，*Ficedula albicollis*）种群的各项繁殖参数与各类局地天气参数之间的关联，并同步分析了天气参数与繁殖参数的时间变化趋势。气温升高与风速降低均会促使繁殖起始时间提前；繁殖季长度与降水量呈正相关，与季内升温幅度呈负相关；孵化延迟时长随气温降低与降水增多而延长；窝卵数（clutch size）随冷日天数的增加而增大。所有繁殖变量与对应天气参数均存在显著的时间变化趋势，例如研究观测到繁殖起始时间提前与风速下降的现象。近十年间，猎物可获取时间与鸟类繁殖时间之间的物候错配（phenological mismatch）现象显著加剧。本研究结果揭示了气候变化与候鸟繁殖模式之间复杂的互作关系，凸显了采用整体性研究路径的必要性；同时也强调了气候变化对鸟类种群构成的潜在威胁，以及针对环境变化采取适应性响应的重要性。