EVOLUTION OF PRINCIPLES OF CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND OBJECTIVENESS IN THE HERITAGE OF EASTERN THINKERS

Abstract. This article analyzes the formation and stages of development of the principles of critical analysis and objectivity in the scientific heritage of Eastern thinkers (Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Al-Biruni, Al-Khwarizmi, Ibn al-Haytham, Ulugbek). The scientific thinking of the Islamic Golden Age (8th–13th centuries), which developed inextricably linked with ancient Greek philosophy, is one of the important historical roots of the concept of critical thinking today. Based on historical-comparative methodology, the study compares Al-Farabi's doctrine of the stages of thinking, Ibn Sina's theory of empirical knowledge, Al-Biruni's methodology of comparing and verifying sources, Al-Khwarizmi's algorithmic and systematic approach, Ibn al-Haytham's systematic application of the scientific method, and Ulugbek's principle of critical re-examination of information with the components of today's critical thinking. The article discusses the similarities between these historical ideas and modern pedagogical theories, as well as their conceptual differences. Finally, the significance of this heritage in modern pedagogical practice and the limitations of its application are justified.