Illicit Drugs, Metabolites and Adulterants in Wastewater: Monitoring Community Drug Abuse in the Brazilian Federal District during the 2014 Soccer World Cup

A multiresidue method was developed to estimate community drug use during two weekends of the 2014 Soccer World Cup via wastewater analyses. Five of the 16 investigated substances were detected in all eight samples. Benzoilecgonine (BE), the major cocaine metabolite, was the most abundant substance (1.9 ± 0.3 to 4.2 ± 0.2 μg L-1) followed by anhydroecgonine (AE) (1.5 ± 0.2 to 2.6 ± 0.2 μg L-1), phenacetin (PHE) (0.62 ± 0.06 to 1.3 ± 0.1 μg L-1), levamisole (LEV) (0.5 ± 0.2 to 1.23 ± 0.09 μg L-1), and cocaine (COC) (0.46 ± 0.07 to 0.8 ± 0.1 μg L-1). COC and BE levels suggested a human consumption origin for the investigated drugs. AE/BE ratios revealed a significant use of smoked crack/free base cocaine. Relationships between the adulterants PHE and LEV evidenced a higher use of crack cocaine in the South-Wing WWTP region. An estimative for cocaine use revealed slightly higher drug consumption during the Soccer World Cup weekends in comparison with a typical weekend in 2012.

本研究开发了一种多残留分析方法，通过废水监测手段估算2014年足球世界杯赛事期间两个周末的社区药物使用水平。在所检测的16种目标物质中，有5种在全部8个样品中被检出。可卡因的主要代谢产物苯甲酰爱康宁（Benzoilecgonine, BE）为丰度最高的被测物，浓度范围为1.9 ± 0.3 至 4.2 ± 0.2 μg·L⁻¹；其次依次为脱水芽子碱（Anhydroecgonine, AE）（1.5 ± 0.2 至 2.6 ± 0.2 μg·L⁻¹）、非那西丁（Phenacetin, PHE）（0.62 ± 0.06 至 1.3 ± 0.1 μg·L⁻¹）、左旋咪唑（Levamisole, LEV）（0.5 ± 0.2 至 1.23 ± 0.09 μg·L⁻¹）以及可卡因（Cocaine, COC）（0.46 ± 0.07 至 0.8 ± 0.1 μg·L⁻¹）。可卡因（COC）与苯甲酰爱康宁（BE）的浓度水平表明，所检测药物均来源于人类消费活动。AE与BE的浓度比值显示，该区域存在大量吸食快克/游离碱可卡因的行为。掺假剂非那西丁（PHE）与左旋咪唑（LEV）的相关性分析证实，西南片区污水处理厂（Wastewater Treatment Plant, WWTP）区域内的快克可卡因使用率更高。本次针对可卡因使用量的估算结果显示，与2012年的常规周末相比，足球世界杯赛事周末的可卡因消费量略有提升。