Supplementary Material for: Perception of Risk for Older Adults: Differences in Evaluations for Self versus Others and across Risk Domains

<b><i>Background and Objectives:</i></b> Proxy decision-making may be flawed by inaccurate perceptions of risk. This may be particularly true when older adults are the targets of the decisions, given the pervasive negative stereotypes about older adults. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In study 1, individuals aged 18- to 87 years (as target persons) as well as one of their close social partners (as informants) reported on the risks they perceived for the target person in various life domains. Study 2 additionally explored potential differences in how people make risky decisions on behalf of younger and older adult targets. Younger (age 18–35 years) and older (age 60–81 years) adults (as target persons of the risk evaluations) as well as informants reported on risk perceptions and the likelihood of risk-taking for health, financial, and social scenarios concerning the target persons. Congruence between self-rated and informant-rated risk perceptions and risk-taking were computed on a dyadic as well as a group level. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Informants’ risk perceptions were positively associated with the risks their partners perceived for themselves. Informants and their partners agreed that social risks vary little across adulthood, but they disagreed in terms of recreational, financial, and health risks, and in terms of the decisions they would make. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Family members, partners, and close friends are sensitive to vulnerabilities of their social partners, but in some domains and according to their partners’ age they perceive a greater (or smaller) risk than their partners perceive for themselves. In situations requiring surrogate decision-making, people may decide differently from how their social partners would decide for themselves.

**研究背景与研究目标**：代理决策（proxy decision-making）可能因对风险的感知不准确而存在缺陷。鉴于社会对老年人普遍存在负面刻板印象，当以老年人作为决策对象时，该问题尤为突出。
**研究方法**：研究1中，以18至87岁的个体作为风险评估目标对象，同时邀请其一位亲密社交伙伴作为信息报告者，双方均需报告针对该目标个体在不同生活领域的风险感知情况。研究2进一步探讨了人们在为年轻及老年决策对象开展风险决策时可能存在的差异。研究2中，以18至35岁的年轻成年人、60至81岁的老年成年人作为风险评估目标对象，同时招募相关信息报告者，双方均需针对目标个体在健康、财务及社交场景下的风险感知与风险行为倾向进行报告。本研究分别在对偶（dyadic）层面与群体层面，计算了自我评估与信息报告者评估的风险感知及风险行为倾向之间的一致性。
**研究结果**：信息报告者的风险感知与其社交伙伴的自我风险感知呈显著正相关。信息报告者与其社交伙伴均认为，社交风险在成年阶段的差异较小，但双方在娱乐、财务与健康风险，以及拟作出的决策方面存在分歧。
**研究结论**：家庭成员、恋爱伴侣及亲密朋友能够敏锐感知其社交伙伴的脆弱性，但在部分领域中，且会因伙伴的年龄差异，其感知到的风险或高于、或低于伙伴自身的风险感知。在需要开展代理决策的场景中，人们可能会作出与其社交伙伴为自身决策时不同的选择。