The role of race and ethnicity in leisure participation among children and youth with disabilities: a systematic review

Racial and ethnic minoritized children and youth with disabilities participate less often in structured leisure activities compared to their white peers and yet, little is known about the role of race/ethnicity in their participation. The purpose of this review was to understand the role of race/ethnicity in leisure participation of children and youth with disabilities. We systematically assessed peer-reviewed studies published from 2000 to 2023 in six international databases. We independently screened and identified thirteen studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Three themes emerged from our findings: (1) rates of leisure participation; (2) factors affecting leisure participation (i.e., ableism and racism; fear of harassment and safety; systemic factors; disability-related factors and intersectional factors); and (3) benefits and impact of culture on leisure participation (i.e., perceived benefits of leisure participation; perceived constraints of leisure participation; parents’ advocacy; importance of family participation). Findings revealed how disability and racial discrimination, systemic factors, cultural preferences, and availability of financial resources all shape leisure experiences and rate of participation for racial/ethnic minoritized children and youth with disabilities. Future research should explore the impact of culture on leisure participation in more depth. Understanding what leisure means to racial/ethnic minoritized parents of children with disabilities could help pediatric rehabilitation therapists to facilitate meaningful and culturally sensitive leisure programs.A multi-faceted approach is needed to improve leisure participation of racial/ethnic minoritized children and youth with disabilities, which involves parents/caregivers, leisure providers, community stakeholders, and children and youth with disabilities.Rehabilitation clinicians and recreational therapists should consider designing new or adapting existing leisure programs that align with the culture and preferences of racial/ethnic minoritized children and youth with disabilities to support their participation. Understanding what leisure means to racial/ethnic minoritized parents of children with disabilities could help pediatric rehabilitation therapists to facilitate meaningful and culturally sensitive leisure programs. A multi-faceted approach is needed to improve leisure participation of racial/ethnic minoritized children and youth with disabilities, which involves parents/caregivers, leisure providers, community stakeholders, and children and youth with disabilities. Rehabilitation clinicians and recreational therapists should consider designing new or adapting existing leisure programs that align with the culture and preferences of racial/ethnic minoritized children and youth with disabilities to support their participation.

与白人同龄群体相比，少数种族与族裔残疾儿童及青少年参与结构化休闲活动的频率更低，但目前学界对种族/族裔在其休闲参与中所扮演的角色仍知之甚少。本综述旨在探讨种族/族裔在残疾儿童及青少年休闲参与中的作用。本研究系统检索了2000年至2023年间发表于6个国际数据库的同行评议研究，并独立筛选确定了13项符合纳入标准的研究。研究结果提炼出三大主题：（1）休闲参与率；（2）影响休闲参与的因素（即能力歧视（ableism）与种族歧视（racism）、对骚扰与安全的担忧、系统性因素、残障相关因素及交叉性因素（intersectional factors））；（3）文化对休闲参与的益处与影响（即休闲参与的感知收益、休闲参与的感知限制、家长倡导、家庭参与的重要性）。研究结果显示，残障与种族歧视、系统性因素、文化偏好以及可获得的经济资源，均会塑造少数种族与族裔残疾儿童及青少年的休闲体验与参与频率。未来研究应更深入地探讨文化对休闲参与的影响。了解休闲对于残疾儿童少数种族与族裔家长的意义，有助于儿科康复治疗师制定兼具意义与文化敏感性的休闲活动方案。需采取多维度方法以提升少数种族与族裔残疾儿童及青少年的休闲参与水平，相关方包括家长/照料者、休闲服务提供者、社区利益相关者以及残疾儿童及青少年本人。康复临床医师与休闲治疗师应考虑设计契合少数种族与族裔残疾儿童及青少年文化与偏好的全新休闲活动方案，或对现有方案进行调整，以支持其休闲参与。了解休闲对于残疾儿童少数种族与族裔家长的意义，有助于儿科康复治疗师制定兼具意义与文化敏感性的休闲活动方案。需采取多维度方法以提升少数种族与族裔残疾儿童及青少年的休闲参与水平，相关方包括家长/照料者、休闲服务提供者、社区利益相关者以及残疾儿童及青少年本人。康复临床医师与休闲治疗师应考虑设计契合少数种族与族裔残疾儿童及青少年文化与偏好的全新休闲活动方案，或对现有方案进行调整，以支持其休闲参与。