Supplementary Material for: How Not to Be Misled by Disorders Mimicking Angioedema: A Review of Pseudoangioedema

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Angioedema is a vascular reaction involving the lower dermis, subcutis and/or submucosal tissue and causing a temporary localized swelling in any part of the body. For many health care professionals, the diagnosis presents an ongoing challenge; several disorders may manifest with subcutaneous or submucosal swelling and falsely be assumed to be angioedema. The clinicians at the emergency department and in the immunology/allergy clinics must be skilled at recognizing the features of angioedema and its differential diagnosis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The review is based on a literature search with specific indexing terms in PubMed, a review of bibliographies and the authors' clinical experience. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The most essential diseases that mimic angioedema, the so-called pseudoangioedemas, will each be discussed and illustrated by clinical photos, pointing out key features that help clarify the diagnoses and differentiate these from classic angioedema. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> A variety of dermatologic conditions can cause swelling that resembles angioedema, some with a potentially fatal outcome if misdiagnosed. Knowledge of pseudoangioedema is fundamental in the emergency setting when handling patients with edema and should be kept in mind when assessing an atypical angioedema case.

<b><i>背景：</i></b> 血管性水肿（Angioedema）是一种累及真皮下层、皮下组织和/或黏膜下层的血管反应，可导致身体任意部位出现暂时性局限性肿胀。对于众多医护人员而言，该疾病的诊断始终是一项持续性挑战；多种疾病可表现为皮下或黏膜下肿胀，进而被误判为血管性水肿。急诊科与免疫/过敏门诊的临床医师需熟练掌握血管性水肿的特征及其鉴别诊断方法。
<b><i>方法：</i></b> 本综述基于PubMed数据库中特定索引词的文献检索、参考文献目录梳理以及作者团队的临床经验完成。
<b><i>结果：</i></b> 本文将逐一讨论并辅以临床照片阐释最易与血管性水肿混淆的核心疾病——即所谓的假性血管性水肿（pseudoangioedemas），并指出有助于明确诊断、区分经典血管性水肿的关键特征。
<b><i>结论：</i></b> 多种皮肤病症均可引发类似血管性水肿的肿胀表现，其中部分疾病若被误诊则可能导致致命后果。在急诊科处理水肿患者时，掌握假性血管性水肿的相关知识至关重要，且在评估非典型血管性水肿病例时也应将其纳入鉴别考量范围。