Supplementary data for: Hydrodynamic insights into the palaeobiology of the Ediacaran rangeomorph Fractofusus misrai

# Supplementary data for: Hydrodynamic insights into the palaeobiology of the Ediacaran rangeomorph Fractofusus misrai [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.fxpnvx103](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.fxpnvx103) Supplementary materials include: 1) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results from discretization and sensitivity tests conducted to determine optimal mesh sizes, balancing anatomical resolution with computational efficiency (Figs. S1-S3); 2) CFD simulation results from different sizes of *F.misrai* and general view of streamlines (Figs. S4-S6); 3) CFD simulation results from null models (Fig. S7); 4) flow velocity profile (Fig. S8); 5) all numeric results from CFD simulations (Table S1); 6) the *Fractofusus misrai* geometry; and 7) CFD simulation results. ## Description of the data and file structure Fig. S1-S3 show different mesh sizes for both the flow volume region (FVR) and the *F. misrai* geometry. *Fractofusus misrai* geometries, consisting of approximately 300,000 to 500,000 polygons, and the corresponding FVRs were meshed using standard algorithms with automatic sizing and a medium factor fineness. The resulting meshes consisted of approximately 2-4 million cells and 500.000-1 million nodes (Fig. S2). Figs. S4-S5 show the CFD results from different sizes of *F. misrai*. Both small (Fig. S4) and medium (Fig. S5) *F. misrai* are displayed in different orientations relative to the simulated flow from (left to right). Both orientations show the eddying at the frond margin. Current perpendicular *F. misrai* also shows weak vortices on the upper surface of the frond both upcurrent of the axis of the frond, and also in the lee of the axis. Figure S6 shows a general view of streamlines coloured according to velocity (Ux) around different orientations of *Fractofusus misrai*. Fig. S7 shows CFD simulations of null models. Figure S8. shows th velocity profile (Ux) along vertical axis (z) from the bottom boundary of the fluid domain around Fractofusus misrai. Table S1. Shows CFD simulations numeric results. Reference area is the exposed (frontal) area to the flow and reference length in the length along the x axes. The *F. misrai* geometry is available. The intermediate size (15 cm) *F. misrai* CFD simulation set is available. Remaining results can be normalized using scaling laws. Additional results are available upon request. ## Code/Software The three-dimensional models of *F. misrai* were created using ZBrush Pixologic, Inc. ([https://www.maxon.net/en/zbrush](https://www.maxon.net/en/zbrush); by R. Nicholls), then post-processed using Rhinoceros 3D v.7 ([https://www.rhino3d.com](https://www.rhino3d.com)) and Blender v.3.4.1 ([https://www.blender.org](https://www.blender.org)). Finally, results were analyzed with the post-processing visualization engine Paraview ([https://www.paraview.org](https://www.paraview.org)). Simulations of incompressible water flow were performed using CFD Simscale software ([https://www.simscale.com](https://www.simscale.com)).

# 配套补充数据：关于埃迪卡拉纪rangeomorph生物（rangeomorph）*Fractofusus misrai*古生物学的流体动力学研究视角 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.fxpnvx103]
补充材料包含以下内容：1) 为确定最优网格尺寸、平衡解剖学分辨率与计算效率而开展的离散化与敏感性测试所得的计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics, CFD）结果（图S1~S3）；2) 不同尺寸的*F. misrai*的CFD模拟结果及流线总体视图（图S4~S6）；3) 零模型的CFD模拟结果（图S7）；4) 流速剖面（图S8）；5) 所有CFD模拟的数值结果（表S1）；6) *Fractofusus misrai*的几何模型；7) CFD模拟结果。

## 数据与文件结构说明
图S1~S3展示了流体体积区域（FVR）与*F. misrai*几何模型的不同网格尺寸。*Fractofusus misrai*的几何模型包含约30万至50万个多边形，配套的FVR采用自动尺寸设置与中等细化因子的标准算法进行网格划分，最终生成的网格包含约200万至400万个单元格与50万至100万个节点（图S2）。
图S4~S5展示了不同尺寸*F. misrai*的CFD模拟结果：小型（图S4）与中型（图S5）*F. misrai*均以相对于模拟来流（从左至右）的不同朝向展示，两种朝向均显示了叶状体边缘的涡流现象。与来流垂直的*F. misrai*还在叶状体轴部上游以及轴部背流区的叶状体上表面呈现弱涡旋。
图S6展示了根据流速（Ux）着色的不同朝向*Fractofusus misrai*周围流线的总体视图。
图S7展示了零模型的CFD模拟结果。
图S8展示了围绕*Fractofusus misrai*的流体域底部边界沿垂直轴（z轴）的流速剖面（Ux）。
表S1展示了CFD模拟的数值结果。参考面积为流体来流方向的暴露（正面）面积，参考长度为沿x轴方向的长度。
*Fractofusus misrai*几何模型已公开。尺寸为15厘米的中型*F. misrai*的CFD模拟数据集已公开。其余结果可通过缩放定律进行归一化处理。其他额外结果可按需申请获取。

## 代码与软件说明
*F. misrai*的三维模型由ZBrush Pixologic, Inc.（[https://www.maxon.net/en/zbrush](https://www.maxon.net/en/zbrush)；由R. Nicholls制作）创建，随后使用Rhinoceros 3D v.7（[https://www.rhino3d.com](https://www.rhino3d.com)）与Blender v.3.4.1（[https://www.blender.org](https://www.blender.org)）进行后处理。最终结果通过后处理可视化引擎Paraview（[https://www.paraview.org](https://www.paraview.org)）进行分析。不可压缩水流的模拟采用CFD Simscale软件（[https://www.simscale.com](https://www.simscale.com)）完成。