Biogeographic variation and functional pathways of the gut microbiota in celiac disease

Genes and gluten are necessary, but insufficient to cause celiac disease (CeD), and the gut microbiota has been implicated as a cofactor. Despite CeD affecting the small intestine, studies have used varied sampling for microbiota analysis. We compared luminal and mucosal microbiota along the duodenum and in feces in adult patients with active CeD and controls.