The Creation of Muhajirat in America: Social Media as a Platform for Crafting Gender-Specific Interventions for the Domestic Radicalization of Women, 5 countries, 1970-2018

This study examines the radicalization of Western women to extremist violence, both through the creation of a moral-situational-action risk model and the examination of their responses to various types of online propaganda. The Moral-Situational-Action Risk Model for Extremist Violence (MSA-RMEV) was developed using situational action theory from criminology and violence risk practice literature. The MSA-RMEV revolves around three domains reflective of propensity, mobilization, and capacity building, geared towards providing a violence risk assessment that can assist the intelligence community in preventing future acts of violence. A sample of women who self-identified as conservative, liberal, and Muslim were exposed to jihadist, alt-right, and alt-left online propaganda. Physiological responses and self-report assessments were recorded. Eye-gaze, pupil dilation, galvanic skin response, heart rate, and facial emotions were documented, along with women's judgment of their emotional, cognitive, and arousal states, while viewing propaganda. Based on their results, women were categorized as high-risk, medium-risk, or low-risk for violence. Additionally, numerous variables were created to identify participant's beliefs and behavior related to radicalization. Beliefs included religiosity, political affiliation, the presence of moral emotions, sacred values, developmental maturity, and militant thinking. Behaviors included group affiliations, extent of involvement in extremist activities, and presence on social media platforms such as Facebook, Reddit, and Twitter. Demographic variables such as age, marital status, number of children, race, ethnicity, country of origin, and educational status were included.

本研究聚焦西方女性向极端暴力的极端化现象，通过构建道德-情境-行动风险模型，以及分析其对各类在线宣传内容的反应展开探讨。极端暴力道德-情境-行动风险模型（Moral-Situational-Action Risk Model, MSA-RMEV）依托犯罪学领域的情境行动理论与暴力风险实践文献开发而成。该模型围绕倾向、动员与能力建设三大核心维度展开，旨在提供暴力风险评估方案，助力情报界防范未来暴力行径。

研究招募了自认定为保守派、自由派及穆斯林群体的女性受试者，令其接触圣战主义、另类右翼（alt-right）与另类左翼（alt-left）的在线宣传内容。研究记录了受试者的生理反应与自我报告评估结果：包括眼动轨迹、瞳孔扩张程度、皮肤电反应、心率及面部情绪表达，同时收集了受试者在观看宣传内容时对自身情绪、认知与唤醒状态的主观判断。

基于测试结果，受试者被划分为暴力高风险、中风险与低风险三类。此外，研究还构建了多项变量，用以识别参与者与极端化相关的信念与行为：信念维度涵盖宗教虔诚度、政治倾向、道德情绪存在情况、神圣价值观、发展成熟度与好战思维；行为维度包括群体归属、极端活动参与程度，以及在Facebook、Reddit与Twitter等社交媒体平台的使用情况。本研究同时纳入了年龄、婚姻状况、子女数量、种族、民族、原籍国与教育水平等人口统计学变量。