A Values Framework for New Britain, Papua New Guinea 2017

We have developed a framework for collating and presenting information on the values of marine and coastal ecosystems to relevant stakeholders for planning and decision making tasks in New Britian, Papua New Guinea. The framework includes the following design criteria:• Includes a comprehensive range of value types, including socio-cultural, economic and ecosystem values, and all four ecosystem services types (provisioning, cultural, regulating and supporting).• Has the ability to reflect the different value (scalar) contexts of local, Provincial and National stakeholders.• Is spatial, being based on ecosystem feature layers.• Has the capacity to be spatially comprehensive, by including a full range of ecosystem features in the focus area.• Does not rely on monetisation or attempt to calculate a single value (e.g. TEV), but rather relies on a plurality of values.Attempts to presents information in a transparent, relevant, replicable and credible way.Our approach is built on contemporary approaches to the valuation of ecosystems for planning and management. This includes the expression of pluralist values and appropriate consideration of scale. Pluralist values recognises that there is value in reflecting a broad range of value types when considering the value of ecosystems across ecological, socio-cultural and economic values. There are four categories of values represented in the framework: ecosystem structure and processes (biodiversity, productivity, connectivity); ecosystem regulatory functions (climate, pest, and pollution regulation; hazard protection); ecosystem goods and services supply (food, fibre and fuel); and shared social values (spiritual, aesthetic, recreation, existence values). This represents a comprehensive range of value types as defined by a range of valuing frames, including ecosystem services, economic valuation and socio-cultural valuing approaches.A fundamental basis of our framework is that it is feature based – including both ecosystem and man-made features. The full range of socio-cultural, economic and ecological values can then be associated with that feature, and these can then be overlain in spatial systems to produce a comprehensive spatial valuation. In addition, the socio-cultural values associated with man-made features (such historical wrecks, buildings etc.) can be captured in the spatial values system.

我们针对巴布亚新几内亚新不列颠地区的规划与决策工作，构建了一套用于整理并向相关利益相关方呈现海洋与沿海生态系统价值信息的框架。该框架包含以下设计准则：
• 涵盖全面的价值类型，包括社会文化价值（socio-cultural）、经济价值（economic）与生态系统价值（ecosystem values），以及四大生态系统服务（ecosystem services）类型：供给服务（provisioning）、文化服务（cultural）、调节服务（regulating）及支持服务（supporting）。
• 能够反映地方、省级与国家级利益相关方的差异化价值标量语境。
• 具备空间属性，基于生态系统要素图层构建。
• 可实现空间全域覆盖，涵盖研究重点区域内的全部生态系统要素。
• 不依赖货币化手段，亦不试图计算单一价值（如总经济价值（Total Economic Value, TEV)），而是以多元价值为核心，并力求以透明、贴合需求、可复现且可信的方式呈现相关信息。

本框架基于当前用于生态系统规划与管理的价值评估方法构建，涵盖多元价值表达与尺度适配考量。多元价值理念认为，在考量生态系统的生态、社会文化与经济价值时，全面覆盖各类价值类型具有重要意义。

本框架所呈现的价值共分为四大类别：生态系统结构与过程（包括生物多样性、生产力、连通性）；生态系统调节功能（气候调节、病虫害防治、污染管控及灾害防护）；生态系统产品与服务供给（食物、纤维与燃料）；公共社会价值（精神价值、审美价值、休闲娱乐价值及存在价值）。

该框架涵盖了由多种价值评估框架所定义的全面价值类型，包括生态系统服务、经济评估及社会文化价值评估方法。

本框架的核心基础是以要素为依托——涵盖生态系统要素与人工要素。各类社会文化、经济及生态价值均可与对应要素相关联，随后可通过空间系统叠加这些关联信息，生成全面的空间价值评估结果。此外，与人工要素（如历史沉船、建筑等）相关的社会文化价值，也可被纳入空间价值体系之中。